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Locomotion > Quickfire anatomy > Flashcards

Quickfire anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis and Teres Minor

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2
Q

What does the axillary nerve supply?

A

Motor: Deltoid, teres minor
Sensory: Regimental badge

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3
Q

What is the spinal nerve innervation of axillary nerve?

A

C5, C6

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4
Q

What does the radial nerve supply?

A

Posterior arm and posterior forearm

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5
Q

What is the spinal nerve innervation of radial nerve?

A

C5 - T1

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6
Q

What does the posterior interosseous nerve supply?

A

Motor to posterior forearm

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7
Q

What does the superficial radial nerve supply?

A

Cutaneous only to dorsum of hand

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8
Q

What does musculocutaneous nerve supply?

A

Anterior compartment of the arm

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9
Q

What is the spinal nerve innervation of musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5 - C7

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10
Q

What does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm supply?

A

cutaneous only to anterolateral surface of forearm

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11
Q

What does the median nerve supply?

A

Forearm: all anterior compartment except 1.5 (FCU and 1/2 FDP)
Hand:
-sensory to lateral aspect of palm and and lateral three and a half fingers on palmar surface
-motor to thenar eminence and lumbricals 1 & 2

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12
Q

What is the spinal nerve innervation of the median nerve?

A

C5 - T1

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13
Q

What does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

Forearm: FCU and 1/2 FDP
Hand: All intrinsic muscles except thenar eminence and lumbricals 1 & 2

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14
Q

What is the spinal nerve innervation of ulnar nerve?

A

C8 and T1

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15
Q

What are some symptoms of ulnar nerve lesion?

A

Guttering of hand, unusual limb position, Klumpke’s paralysis

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16
Q

What are the muscles in the most superficial layer of anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

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17
Q

What muscle is in the intermediate layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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18
Q

What muscles are in the deepest layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

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19
Q

What are the muscles in the superficial layer of posterior compartment of forearm?

A

Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, anconeus

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20
Q

What are the muscles in the deep layer of posterior compartment of forearm?

A

Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis

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21
Q

Draw out the brachial plexus

A

…

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22
Q

What is the golden rule of anterior forearm innervation?

A

Everything is median nerve supplied EXCEPT 1.5 muscles:​
​-Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)​
​-Ulnar half of Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) to fingers 4 & 5

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23
Q

What are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Lateral border: abductor pollicis longus tendon and extensor pollicis brevis tendon
Medial border: extensor pollicis longus tendon

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24
Q

What passes through the anatomical snuffbox?

A

cephalic vein, radial artery, cutaneous branch of radial nerve

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25
Q

What passes through extensor tendon compartment 1 of the wrist?

A
  • Abductor pollicis longus

- Extensor pollicis brevis

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26
Q

What passes through extensor tendon compartment 2 of the wrist?

A
  • Extensor carpi radialis longus

- Extensor carpi radialis brevis

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27
Q

What passes through extensor tendon compartment 3 of the wrist?

A

-Extensor pollicis longus

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28
Q

What passes through extensor tendon compartment 4 of the wrist?

A
  • Extensor digitorum

- Extensor indicis

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29
Q

What passes through extensor tendon compartment 5 of the wrist?

A

-Extensor digit minimi

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30
Q

What passes through extensor tendon compartment 6 of the wrist?

A

-Extensor carpi ulnaris

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31
Q

What problem can happen with extensor wrist compartment 1?

A

Repetitive movements –> De Quervains tenosynovitis

“Mommy’s thumb”

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32
Q

What problem can happen with extensor wrist compartment 3?

A

EPL can wear on the dorsal radial tubercle and rupture

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33
Q

What problem can happen with extensor wrist compartment 6?

A

ECU can wear on the ulnar styloid process and rupture

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34
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior arm compartment?

A

BBC
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

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35
Q

Where is the biceps brachii, what does it do and what is it’s innervation?

A

Anterior arm
Flexes shoulder and elbow, supinates forearm
Musculocutaneous nerve

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36
Q

Where is coracobrachialis, what does it do and what is its innervation?

A

Anterior arm
Adducts arm
Musculocutaneous nerve

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37
Q

Where is brachialis, what does it do and what is its innervation?

A

Anterior arm
Flexes elbow
Musculocutaneous n. & radial n.

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38
Q

Where is triceps brachii, what does it do and what is its innervation?

A

Posterior arm
Shoulder and elbow extension
Radial nerve

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39
Q

What muscles cause pronation of the hand?

A

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

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40
Q

What muscles cause supination of the hand?

A

Supinator and biceps brachii

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41
Q

What can a fracture to the neck of the radius damage?

A

Posterior interosseous nerve

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42
Q

What are the borders of the anconeus triangle?

A
  • Radial head
  • Lateral epicondyle
  • Olecranon
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43
Q

What nerve controls pronation?

A

Median nerve

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44
Q

What nerve controls supination?

A

Musculocutaneous n. and radial n.

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45
Q

What are the borders of the cubital fossa?

A

lateral border - brachioradialis
superior border - interepicondylar line
medial border - pronator teres

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46
Q

What covers the roof of the cubital fossa and what is the purpose of this?

A

Bicipital aponeurosis

Protects median nerve and brachial artery

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47
Q

What is found in the cubital fossa?

A 
From lateral to medial = ‘TAN’ ​
(Tendon, Artery, Nerve)​
​
Biceps Tendon​
Brachial Artery​
Median Nerve​
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48
Q

What are the muscles of anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

QUADRICEPS

1) Rectus femoris
2) Vastus intermedius - lies under rectus femoris
3) Vastus lateralis
4) Vastus medialis

5) Sartorius

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49
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)

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50
Q

What is the function of Sartorius?

A

Thigh abductor and lateral rotator. (Sartorius runs infero-medially)

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51
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

ADDUCTORS

1) Pectineus (Femoral nerve)
2) Adductor longus
3) Adductor magnus
4) Adductor brevis
5) Gracilis

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52
Q

What is the innervation of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A 
Obturator nerve (L2, 3, 4)
Except pectineus which is innervated by femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)
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53
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

HAMSTRINGS

1) Semimembranosus
2) Semitendinosus
3) Biceps femoris

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54
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Tibial part of the sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

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55
Q

What innervates the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Common fibular part of sciatic nerve

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56
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior thigh compartment?

A

femoral artery

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57
Q

What is the blood supply to the medial thigh compartment?

A

obturator artery

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58
Q

What is the blood supply to the posterior thigh compartment?

A

Branches of deep femoral artery (profounda femoris)

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59
Q

What are the lateral rotator muscles?

A

1) Piriformis
2) Superior gemelli
3) Inferior gemelli
4) Obturator internus
5) Quadratus femoris

60
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral rotator muscles?

61
Q

What is the function of the lateral rotator muscles?

A

Support and laterally rotate (externally rotate) the hip.

Help keep hip joint surfaces together.

62
Q

How can a psoas abscess occur and how can it present?

A

Can track down the fibrous sheath covering psoas producing a femoral triangle swelling that can mimic a femoral hernia

63
Q

What is the function of iliopsoas?

A

Powerful flexor of the hip

Note psoas major’s attachment to lumbar vertebrae​ - hip flexion can exacerbate back pain

64
Q

What is the innervation of iliopsoas?

65
Q

Where does the iliopsoas tendon attach and what can happen to it?

A

Iliacus attaches to lesser trochanter.​
Can be subject to avulsion fracture.
Iliopsoas tendon inflammation can cause groin pain.

66
Q

What can happen if the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (LCNT) gets compressed?

A

Meralgia Paraesthetica

67
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain?

A

(from lateral to medial) femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymph vessel

68
Q

Where does the femoral artery enter the femoral triangle?

A

At the midinguinal point +/- 1.5cm

69
Q

Where is the midinguinal point?

A

Halfway between ASIS and the pubic symphysis

70
Q

How do the femoral vessels and the saphenous nerve pass from the anterior thigh to the popliteal fossa?

A

The femoral vessels and saphenous nerve enter the subsartorial/adductor canal and then pass into the popliteal fossa

71
Q

Where is the adductor (subsartorial) canal and what does it contain?

A

Runs deep to sartorius in the middle 1/3rd of the medial thigh to the adductor hiatus.
Contains superficial femoral artery, femoral vein & saphenous nerve​.

72
Q

What is the adductor hiatus?

A

Hole in adductor magnus through which the femoral artery and vein pass to reach the popliteal fossa

73
Q

What does the saphenous nerve innervate?

A

Innervates knee & skin of medial leg and foot

74
Q

Where does the horizontal group of superficial lymph nodes sit?

A

Sit below inguinal ligament

75
Q

Where does the vertical group of superficial lymph nodes sit?

A

Follow proximal part of great saphenous vein​

76
Q

What do the inguinal lymph nodes drain?

A 
Lower limb​
 Perineal region​
 Penis​
 Lower anal canal​
 Lower vagina​
 Anterior labia majora / scrotal skin
77
Q

What passes anteriorly to the medial malleolus?

A

Long saphenous vein and saphenous nerve

78
Q

What passes posteriorly to the lateral malleolus?

A

Short saphenous vein and sural nerve

79
Q

What can happen following excess inversion of the foot?

A

Avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus

Damage to the lateral collateral ligaments

80
Q

Where can you find the knee joint line?

A

Knee joint line is palpable anteriorly and sits ~2cm distal to the skin crease behind the joint​

81
Q

What is the shape of the femoral condyles?

A

J-shaped condyles

82
Q

What are the 3 separate articulations of the knee joint?

A

x2 femero-tibial, x1 femero-patellar

83
Q

What does the popliteus do?

A

Unlocks a fully extended knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia ​

84
Q

What is the innervation of the popliteus?

A

Tibial nerve L5, S1

85
Q

What muscles cause ankle dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus and Extensor Digitorum Longus

86
Q

What muscles cause ankle plantarflexion?

A

Gastrocnemius​
Soleus​
Flexor Digitorum Longus & Flexor Hallucis Longus​
Fibularis Longus & Fibularis Brevis

87
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior leg compartment?

A

Tibialis anterior L4
Extensor digitorum longus L5
Extensor hallucis longus L5

88
Q

What can happen with a loss of function of the anterior leg compartment?

A

inability to point toes at ceiling and foot drop. Collapse of arches of the foot.

89
Q

What is the function of the anterior leg compartment?

A

Foot and digit dorsiflexion

Foot inversion

90
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior leg compartment?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4, 5, S1)

91
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral leg compartment?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1)

92
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral leg compartment?

A

Fibularis longus, Fibularis brevis

93
Q

What is the function of the lateral leg compartment?

A

Weak plantarflexion.
Foot eversion.
Resists excess foot inversion
Protects lateral collateral ligament from excess stress during inversion of the foot.
Help balance body on foot during stance phase and help guide placement during gait.

94
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior leg compartment?

A

Tibial nerve

95
Q

What is the function of the posterior leg compartment?

A

Foot + digit plantarflexion
Foot inversion
Supports the arches of the foot

96
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior leg compartment?

A

1) gastrocnemius S1, S2
2) Plantaris S1, S2
3) Soleus S1, S2
4) Popliteus
5) Tibialis posterior L4, L5
6) Flexor digitorum longus S1, S2
7) Flexor hallucis longus S1, S2

97
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve normally divide into the tibial and common fibular nerves?

A

Proximal to knee joint line

98
Q

What can a supracondylar fracture of the femur damage?

A

The neurovascular bundle in the popliteal fossa

99
Q

What are the structure in the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal artery (deep), popliteal vein, tibial nerve (superficial)

100
Q

What nerve passes close to the fibula head?

A

Common fibular nerve

101
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus​
Biceps femoris​
Gastrocnemius medial head ​
Gastrocnemius lateral head

102
Q

Draw out the lumbar plexus

103
Q

Where is the saphenous opening?

A

1-4cm lateral and 0-3cm inferior to the pubic tubercle

104
Q

Where can the posterior tibial artery pulsation be palpated?

A

Pulsation is palpated ~1/3rd of the way back along a line passing between the medial malleolus & the top of the calcaneus

105
Q

What is found in the tarsal tunnel?

A 
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum
Posterior tibial artery
Vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus
106
Q

What bones meet at the ankle joint?

A

talus, tibia and fibula

107
Q

How many distinct bands of ligamentous fibres make up the medial collateral ligament of the ankle?

108
Q

How many distinct bands of ligamentous fibres make up the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle?

109
Q

What is the most commonly injured ligament of the ankle and how is it injured?

A

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)​

via excess inversion & plantarflexion

110
Q

What are the Ottawa rules for ANKLE x-ray?

A

X-ray is only required if there is pain in malleolar zone AND

Bone tenderness at the posterior edge or tip of the medial malleolus
OR
Bone tenderness at the posterior edge or tip of the lateral malleolus
OR
An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the ED for 4 steps

111
Q

What are the Ottawa rules for FOOT x-ray?

A

X-ray is only required if there is any pain in the midfoot zone AND

Bone tenderness at the base of the fifth metatarsal
OR
Bone tenderness at the navicular
OR
An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the ED for 4 steps

112
Q

Where do the movements of foot inversion and eversion take place?

A

At the subtalar joint (plane synovial joint between talus and calcaneus) and at the talocalcaneonavicular joint (ball and socket between talus, calcaneus and navicular)

113
Q

What is a Maisonneuve fracture caused by?

A

Forced external rotation of the foot

114
Q

What is a Lisfranc fracture?

A

Lisfranc ligament is a tough band of tissue that joins tarsal and metatarsal bones. Lisfranc fracture can be a break in a bone in the Lisfranc joint or an avulsion fracture.

115
Q

What are the functions of the foot arches?

A

1) Allow the foot to support the weight of the body in the erect posture with the least weight
2) Allows foot to act as a spring, absorbing the shock produced during locomotion

116
Q

What muscles support the medial foot arch?

A

Tibialis anterior + posterior, Fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis and intrinsic foot muscles

117
Q

What muscles support the lateral foot arch?

A

Fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus and intrinsic foot muscles

118
Q

What muscles support the transverse foot arch?

A

Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior

119
Q

Which bones form the medial foot arch?

A

Metatarsal x3, cuneiform x3, navicular and talus

120
Q

Which bones form the lateral foot arch?

A

4th and 5th metatarsals, cuboid and calcaneus

121
Q

Which bones form the transverse foot arch?

A

Metatarsal bones x5, cuneiform bones x3 and cuboid

122
Q

Define valgus

A

the distal part of the distal bone contributing to a joint is directed away from the midline

123
Q

Define varus

A

the distal part of the distal bone contributing to a joint is directed toward the midline

124
Q

How many compartments is the plantar foot separated into?

A

The plantar foot is separated into four compartments

125
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the plantar foot?

A 
Saphenous
Medial plantar
Lateral plantar
Sural
Tibial
126
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the dorsal foot?

A

Sural
Superficial fibular
Saphenous
Deep fibular

127
Q

Why does plantar fasciitis occur and what can exacerbate it?

A

Occurs due to overuse/trauma​.

Pain is exacerbated by passive digit dorsiflexion or pressure over medial calcaneal tubercle.

128
Q

What is the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Medial & lateral plantar nerves S1,2 from tibial nerve​

129
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A
  • Support the foot arches​
    ​- Act as ’dynamic ligaments’ (store and release energy)​
    ​- Support digits & great toe at push-off
130
Q

What is the function of the flexor hallucis longus tendon?

A

Very strong flexor of big toe. Needed for toe-off during walking​

131
Q

What are the 4 phases of walking?

A

Heel strike, support, toe-off, swing/carry through ​

132
Q

How many layers are the intrinsic muscles of the plantar foot separated into?

133
Q

What is Morton’s neuroma?

A

Very painful growth on a digital nerve passing between digits 3 and 4​ of the foot

134
Q

What happens if lateral pectoral nerve is damage?

A

Loss of clavicular head of pectoralis major

135
Q

What happens if suprascapular nerve is damaged?

A

Supraspinatus & infraspinatus; Damage limits lateral shoulder rotation & shoulder stability

136
Q

What happens if dorsal scapula nerve is damaged?

A

Functioning of the rhomboids & levator scapulae is affected

137
Q

What happens if you damage the long thoracic nerve?

A

The scapula ‘wings’ (axillary region surgery; incorrect thoracostomy/ thoracotomy incision)​

138
Q

What happens if the medial pectoral head is damaged?

A

Loss of sternal head of pec major & pec minor.​

139
Q

What does upper subscapular nerve innervate?

A

Subscapularis

140
Q

What does thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

Latissimus dorsi

141
Q

What does lower Subscapularis nerve innervate?

A

Subscapularis and teres major

142
Q

Define dermatome

A

An area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

143
Q

Define a cutaneous nerve area

A

Area of skin innervated by a named cutaneous nerve

144
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament, sartorius, adductor longus

145
Q

What is Hilton’s law?

A

A mobile joint is innervated by the nerve innervating the muscle acting on the joint and also the nerve innervating the skin covering the joint – This can be a mechanism for pain referral

146
Q

Where can ovarian cysts/ tumour/ovulation refer pain?

A

Can compress Obturator nerve and result in hip, medial thigh or knee pain

Locomotion (26 decks)

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