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Locomotion > Lower limb 3 (distal neurovasculature, ankle and foot) > Flashcards

Lower limb 3 (distal neurovasculature, ankle and foot) Flashcards

1
Q

Does the great (long) saphenous vein travel or posterioir to the medial malleolus?

A

Anterior

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2
Q

Are the saphenous veins superficial or deep?

A

The saphenous veins form the superficial venous drainage route of the lower limb

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3
Q

Which veins are deep to the saphenous veins?

A

The external iliac, internal iliac and femoral veins are all deep.

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4
Q

Where do the superficial saphenous veins drains into?

A

Long/great saphenous vein - drains into femoral vein

Small saphenous vein - drains into popliteal vein

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5
Q

Does the great saphenous vein pass along the medial or lateral aspect of the lower limb?

A

Medial aspect

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6
Q

What can happen if saphenous veins are enlarged? and what causes this?

A

Varicose veins - swollen or enlarged saphenous veins. Can be caused by old age, pregnancy, long periods of standing.

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7
Q

Where does the small saphenous vein travel?

A

The small (short) saphenous vein passes from the lateral foot, up the posterior leg to the popliteal fossa. At the middle is accompanied by the sural nerve.

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8
Q

What is the sensory consequence of damage to the sural nerve?

A

Sensation loss to calf and lateral foot.

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9
Q

Where are the deep veins located?

A

Within the muscular compartments.

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10
Q

Where is the deep venous plexus located?

A

In between the gastocnemius and soleus.

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11
Q

What does the sciatic nerve split into above the popliteal fossa?

A

Medially as tibial nerve and laterally as common fibular nerve.

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12
Q

Why is the common fibular nerve most vulnerable to damage?

A

It is most superficial and passes around the fibula neck. Therefore, a superficial laceration e.g. during a car accident can damage the nerve.

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13
Q

What can happen if the superficial fibular nerve is damaged?

A

Superficial fibular nerve
Innervates the muscles of the lateral leg compartment and skin over most of the dorsal foot; Damage may lead to loss of active foot eversion and an inability to resist foot inversion

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14
Q

What can happen if the deep fibular nerve is damaged?

A

Deep fibular nerve
Innervates the anterior leg compartment muscle, muscles of the dorsal foot and the skin between digits 1 and; 2; Proximal damage to this nerve leads to foot-drop.

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15
Q

What is the dorsalis pedis artery a continuation of?

A

The continuation of the anterior tibial artery on the dorsal foot; located between the tendons of extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus.Travels toward the 1st web space where a branch travels deep onto the plantar foot to join the arterial arch on sole

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16
Q

What is the posterior tibial artery a continuation of?

A

The posterior tibial artery (a continuation of the popliteal artery) passes down the posterior compartment of the leg.
Passes posterior to the medial malleolus within the tarsal tunnel to continue as the plantar arteries on sole (plantar surface) of foot

17
Q

What passes within the tarsal tunnel? Tarsal tunnel is on the medial side of the foot.

A 
Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry
T - Tibialis posterior
 D – Flexor Digitorum
  A – Posterior Tibial Artery
   V - Vein
    N – Tibial Nerve
     H – Flexor Hallucis longus
18
Q

What is the role of the flexor retinaculum?

A

Covers the tarsal tunnel, prevents tendons lifting away and bowstringing.

19
Q

Describe the ankle joint,

A

The ankle joint is a synovial hinge joint between the talus, tibia and fibula. It periods movement in one plane - plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

20
Q

Which position is the ankle most stable in? Dorsi/plantar

A

Most stable during dorsiflexion

21
Q

What is the name of 4 medial collateral ligaments of the ankle? and function.

A

The medial collateral (Deltoid) ligament consists of four distinct bands of ligamentous fibres
The medial collateral ligaments resist excess foot eversion
The ligaments, or their bony attachments, can be damaged by excess foot eversion - avulsion fracture

22
Q

Name the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle.

A

Lateral collateral ligament consists of three distinct bands of ligamentous fibres
Most important - Anterior Talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Most commonly injured ligament; mechanism via excess inversion and plantarflexion

23
Q

What is the test you can perform to examine the ATFL

A

The ankle drawer test can be used to examine for an anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) tear

24
Q

What are the ottawa foot rules?

A
  1. Bone tenderness at the base of 5th metatarsal
  2. Bone tenderness at navicular
  3. Unable to walk 4 steps in ED or weight-bear immediately
25
Q

What are the ottawa ankle rules?

A
  1. Bone tenderness of medial malleolus
  2. Bone tenderness of lateral malleolus
  3. Unable to walk 4 steps in ED or weight-bear immediately
26
Q

What type of joint is the talonavicular joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

27
Q

What tendons are the on the dorsal foot?

A

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorium longus

28
Q

How many compartments is the plantar foot is separated into?

A

4 compartments

29
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

In human anatomy, the eponychium, or cuticle, is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. It can also be called the medial or proximal nail fold. Its function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria.

30
Q

What is the name of an infection of the nail fold space?

A

Paronychia

31
Q

What are the 5 nerves that the foot receives innervation from?`

A

Plantar, saphenous, sural, tibial, fibular

32
Q

How many arches of the foot are there?

A

2 x longitudinal (medial and lateral arch) and 1 x transverse arch - absorb shock, distribute weight, store forces for release during locomotion.

33
Q

What do the foot arches require support of?

A

The foot arches require soft tissue support which if damaged/weakened predisposes the patient to pes planus (flat foot).

34
Q

What are the muscles of the plantar foot covered by?

A

The muscles of the plantar foot are covered by the plantar aponeurosis (a tough fibrous layer).

35
Q

What can happen as an overuse of your foot/running?

A

Plantar fasciitis
Occurs due to overuse/trauma
Pain is exacerbated by passive digit dorsiflexion or pressure over medial calcaneal tubercle (red star)

36
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A
  • Support the foot arches
  • Act as ’dynamic ligaments’ (store and release energy)
  • Support digits and great toe at push-off
37
Q

What is morton’s neuroma?

A

Site for Morton’s neuroma

Very painful growth on a digital nerve passing between digits 3 and 4

38
Q

Where do the nerves and arteries innervating the foot digits pass alongside?

A

The nerves and arteries supplying the toes (digits) pass alongside the medial and lateral sides of the digit, on both the plantar and dorsal surface

Locomotion (26 decks)

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