World War 1 Flashcards
When was World War I?
It was from 1914 to 1918
Who are the Allied powers?
Britain, France, Italy and Russia
Who were the central powers?
Germany, Austria Hungary and Turkey
What colonies took part of the war?
The colonies of both the Allied powers and the central powers also took part in the war
Why was it not just a European war?
Not to say European war as it was a world war. Many countries and continents were involved
How long did the war last? What did the colonies think was going to happen?
Both sides thought that the war was going to last a few months. It lasted for years and ended in 1918
When did Russia leave the war?
In 1917 Russia left the wall. Rushil was part of the Allied powers
When did the USA enter the war?
USA entered and helped Britain and its allies win the war. This was the alley powers
Which power was defeated during the war?
The central powers were defeated
What did the war cause?
Millions of people died it also caused poverty, suffering, chaos and economic collapse
What are the reasons for World War I?
There were four main long-term causes. This was nationalism, the growth of the industrial economiies, Control of seas, colonisation in empires
What was nationalism?
At the end of the 19th century the European countries were competing to be the richest, most powerful and strongest. The citizens were proud of their countries achievements am prepared to go to war and fight for their country. Pride and devotion to one’s country
What was industrial economies?
British we are proud of their achievements and the power in the wall. The first country to become industrialised in the 19 century. They became rich through manufacturing. Germany had begun to catch up by producing iron steel, coal and cars. At the beginning of the 20th century Britain had no longer be in the lead
Define manufacturing
Making products and raw materials
What was the control of the seas?
Tension had been burning up for many years. The main enemies or a Britain and Germany. To build and keep a big empire they both had to have powerful Navy is. Britain had the strongest navy in the world
What did Britain use their Navy for?
They use the Navy to protect its coastline, it’s large overseas empire and it’s trade route across the road. The challenge British out of the seas, the German Kaiser said he was going to build a great maybe that could rival the British navy. Britain made a formidable new warship called a Dreadnought. It changed and improved their power at sea
What was the Dreadnought warship?
It had an armed deck, with fast firing, heavy guns. Germany responded by trying to build even more superior warships. This was the beginning of the naval race in which both sides tried to build better and bigger warships
What was colonisation an empire?
By taking of a more more land in other parts of the world, the nations of Europe became richer and strengthen their power over one another. The European nations also completed over who had the most colonies. Both Britain and France had huge empires overseas. The German Kaiser was envious and wanted Germany to have a bigger empire
Define Kaiser
The word for a king in Germany
What was the immediate cause of the war?
Assassination of the Archduke of Austria at Sarajevo and there was tension in the Balkans
What are Balkans?
A large Pennisula in southern eastern Europe containing the Balkan mountain range
What were the events in the Balkans that led to the outbreak of World War I?
- The old Turkish or Ottoman empire was collapsing
- Serbia had broken free from Turkish control and had became an independent state
- Austria was concerned about the growing power of Serbia in the Balkans and wanted to take control of Serbia
Define Ottoman Empire
Another name for the country of turkey at the height of its power when it controlled other countries
What did Serbia want to do?
wanted to the united the whole Slav population in the Balkans
Define Slav
A person from eastern Europe who speaks a Slavonic language
Why did Austria want to go to war with Serbia?
Austrians wanted to go to war with Serbia in order to destroy Serbia’s independence
What was Austria waiting for an excuse to attack for?
Austria was waiting for an excuse to attack.
When did the Archduke go to inspect Austrian troops?
On the 28th of June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand went to inspect Austrians troops in Sarajevo in Bosnia. Bosnia was part of the Austrian Empire
Why was the Archduke an unpopular man?
Many Bosnians wanted to break free of the Austrian rule. Many servers were prepared to fight and die to help Bosnia break free from Austria
Who is Gavrilo Princip?
He was a serb who was 19 and had tuberculosis. A member of a military group called the Black hand. The Black hand wanted to remove the Austrians from the Balkans. He believed in the unification of course slav in one state. He was a slave nationalist
What happened on the morning of Sunday, the 28th of June 1914?
France Ferdinand and his wife Sophie arrived in Sarajevo by chain. They were taken by car to the City Hall of the official reception. Part of the six car per session. The top of the car was rolled back. To allow the crowd to see the royal couple. A member of the black can’t do a hand grenade as Archduke’s call. The grenade exploded under the next car. the two occupants were seriously wounded
What did Princip do at the procession?
He attended the procession with the intention of assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand. When the couple left City Hall he was nervously waiting with a gun in his pocket in a street. When they drove past he shot them dead. Fired a few shots
Where was the couple shots?
They were going to the hospital when the Archduke was shot in the neck and Sophie was shot in the stomach and abdomen
What opportunity did Austria see to take Serbia out?
Austrian saw the assassination as a perfect opportunity to destroy Serbia. Countries joined and war spread
What happened when Russia decided to support Serbia?
Russia decided to support Serbia. France formed a military alliance with Russia to fight together on the same side
Define alliance
An agreement to work together for a purpose
Define assassination
Planned murder of a public figure
Who did Germany promised to fight for?
Germany had promised to fight with Austria if war broke out
Why did Germany want to France out of the war as soon as possible?
Germany wanted France out of the wall as soon as possible. So that they could focus on fighting Russia
Where did German troops invade?
German troops invaded Belgium on their way to attack France. Belgium was close to Britain
When did Britain declare war on Germany?
On the 4th of August 1914 Britain declared war on Germany
Define allies
A group that help support and cooperate with one another
Why did Russia with draw from the war?
the Allied powers. By 1917, 2 million Russians were killed. Millions more have died from starvation. Winters were sevre and people froze to death. The leader of Russia was a weak leader and people are unhappy with his role. He was overthrown and the new government with Tsar Nicolas II, was a weak leader and people are unhappy with his role. He was overthrown and the new government withdrew
Define Tsar
The Russian name for the King
What happened at the beginning of the war?
At the beginning of the war thousands of young men lined up at recruiting centres throughout the British Empire. They volunteered to serve their country and across the Germans or evil Hun
Define Hun
And insulting term used by the British for the Germans in World War I
Why did the British Army needed a continuous supply of fresh soldiers?
Millions of men died and we are winded on both sides. The British Army needed a continuous supply of fresh shoulders. Many men died in the first two years. The British government decided in 1916 to introduce conscription
Define conscription
Compulsory military service.
What were the rules of the conscription in Britain?
Who is single men between the ages of 18 and 41 called up military. Unless they were widowed with children, ministers of religion
How many men volunteered to serve in the British Armed Forces?
3 million men volunteered to serve in the British Armed Forces
Define armed forces
The Army, Navy and air force
Why was the enormous pressure from the British government to sign up?
I know most pressure from the British government to sign up because they encourage men. The British government began to use a propaganda campaign
How did the government persuade people? patriotic duty
The government had to persuade people to believe it was part of their patriotic duty
- Fight in World War I
- Be prepared to die or be injured
- Support the war effort on the home front
- Work together to deflect the enemy
Define patriotic duty
Having a love of a country and willingness to sacrifice for it
What is a conscientious objector?
A person who refuses to serve in the Armed Forces on grounds of principles or sense of right and wrong
How many men refused to partake in the war?
16,000 men refused
How many types of conscientious object is were there? Name them
Three types. There was pacifist, political objectives and religious objectord is
What is a pacifist object are?
They were against war in general
Define pacifist
A person who does not believe it is right to fight in a war
What is a political object are?
They do not consider the government of Germany to be there enemy
What is a religious object are?
They believe that the war and fighting was against their religion
How are man who did not join the war treated?
Men who did not join the war were made to feel like a coward and traitors
Define a coward
A person who shows fear
Define a traitor
Someone who betrays his or her country
What did the government do in relation to the conscientious object is?
The British government became more critical of an ojector. A white feather was a symbol of cowardice
What did women do with the white feathers?
Women handed out white feathers to men who were not in uniform. It was meant to shame him into joining the British army
What do people refer to World War I as?
At the end of the war people refer to it as the war to end all Wars. In horrors of war convince people that I could never happen again. A horror it was the trench warfare
Define trench warfare
Main on the Western front lived in and forth from trenches dug into the ground
What is the Western front?
Big battles were fought on the Western front. It was the border between France and Germany
Why did soldiers dig long holes into the ground?
To protect themselves from the enemies gunshots. The soldiers head should be on the top. They could I have the head blown off by enemy showers and bullets. Soldiers ready to shoot enemies in the head
Define shells
Metal case filled with explosive, fired from a large gun or canon
What did the trenches look like?
- 2 m deep and wide
- Sandbags on top to protect them from the bullets
- Duckboards so that soldiers could walk on them to avoid mud
- Dugouts carved on the side for soldiers to rest
- Machine guns at the top which shot 600 bullets per minute
- Barbed wire sick as a man’s them on the top of the trench. The side which face the enemy.
How many trenches were there?
Behind front line trenches series of them. It’s stretched back as far as a kilometres and were used for support, supplies and reinforcements
What was the space between the front line trenches?
The alleys and German troops area was called the no mans land. It was empty land. During attack on enemies change his soldiers went over the top of the trench into the no mans land. The winning side moved forward
Define no man’s land
The empty area between the fighting sides
What was life in the trenches like?
Hell on earth
Define shellshock
Mental breakdown as a result of fighting in battle which is caused by the constant death, comrades bleeding in misery, noise of gunfire
Why were many British soldiers take into hospital?
Many British soldiers were taken to hospital in England as they were no longer able to perform
What’s your affects of shellshock?
Varied. Such as diarrhoea, anxiety, Texan muscles on face, stomach cramps, sleeplessness and nightmares
What was poetry in World War I?
Many books and poems are written about World War I from the experiences of soldiers. Many writers supported the war and we are proud to fight for their country. Many people attacked people who supported the war
What was the Flanders field poem?
Written by a soldier who witnessed death all around. It is a sad poem and the POV of death. Death is due between the struggle for life and peace. Tells of dead soldiers sacrifice. It is not against the wall because it encourages fighting soldiers to fight on. It was written in the early years of war before soldiers realised how long an awful the world would become. Many pacifist criticise the poem because it romanticises war
Define sacrifice
The act of giving something up for the sake of someone else
Define romanticise
To think about or describe something as being better or more attractive or interesting than it really is
Why did the British government use the poem as a propaganda to?
The British government use the poem as a propaganda tool to help encourage men to join the war
What was the symbols of the poem?
The poem and puppies are symbols of Remembrance Day
What is Remembrance Day?
A day when the war is remembered. We remember the dead by wearing a poppy. It is on the 11th of November the day in which the war ended
What was music in World War I?
Eight phoned the spirit. It was paid at home and in battlefield. Wealthier homes had pianos and knew how to play. Singing provided entertainment, bonded neighbourhoods. War songs were played on the radio and people bought records
What is the British government do with the music?
Away the British government used for propaganda. It’s a powerful messages. It inspired pride, patriotism and in courage meant to sign up and families to sacrifice effort.
What do the men in Armed Forces do with music?
Men in armed forces mast and sang to keep the spirits up
What did South Africa do in World War I?
South Africa was a British colony and they sided with the British and against Germany. Men volunteered for service and and forces. 261,000 men volunteered
What were black men forbidden to do in World War I? South Africa
Black men with a bed and to carry weapons. Black coloured and Indian mend served as non-combatants
What is a non-combatant?
Soldiers who participate in the war, they did not carry weapons
When did South Africa enter the war?
South Africa entered on the 8th of September 1914. They went on to fight in other parts of Africa and in Europe
What happened on the 15th of September 1916? South Africa
On the 15th of September 1916 South Africa infantry. Brigrade of 3153 soldiers were ordered to clear Dellville wood of German soldiers. To allow British to advance on British troops. It was one of the most horrific battles
How long did South Africa occupy the woods? When did Britain come?
They drove Germans out an occupied the wood for six days and five nights. They faced heavy fire and did not surrender. British troops arrive on the 20th of July 1916. Only 755 soldiers remained
What was the SA Mendi?
It was a battleship. It carried black South African non-combatants soldiers to battlefield on the Western front. The government did not want to give weapons or military training
How many black men were on the Mendi?
80,000 black men had non-fighting roles such as drivers, stretcher barriers. They form South African Native Labour Corps (SANLC)
What happened on the 21st of February 1917? Where did the men come from in SA?
The battle ship was sailing across the English Channel on the way to the Western front in France. The soldiers came from rule areas in the Eastern Cape and were expected to dig trenches, carry stretches, repair Road, carrying hard labour. In the darkness and fog another British ship sailed into them. The South African ship began to sink and most passengers could not swim. 1616 man drowned. The Darro cause the accident and did not help
What dance do the black men on the South African battleship do as they realise they were going to die?
The main danced a victory dance called the Death dance as they realise they were going to die
How were women seen as before the war?
Women do not have many right. Men believe that they were not clever. Women we should send to their lives on raising children, caring for family, home. They believe the daughters would grow up to have their own families and would not work meaning that they were not encouraged to go to school
What was a well-known saying of the men’s attitudes are towards the women?
A woman’s place is in the home
Describe the different types of women and how employees would employ them before war
Most employees would not employ married women. Unmarried women had limited opportunities such as childcare, teaching a nursing. Women were not allowed to do men’s jobs such as office work and factory work. Widows and women from four homes became domestic workers, office staff, teachers and clothing workers
How did women dress before the war?
Women dressed in long dresses and never wore trousers. They had long hair elaboratly styled.
Women were not allowed to vote what does this mean? Before
Women were not allowed to vote this means that they were dependent on men. Women’s husbands have a job and earn the money.
What happened to the women’s role in the economy during the war?
Men were away fighting which meant job opportunities open up.
What was the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps(WAAC)?
Women could volunteer to do work and free meant to serve in combat. Women learned and joint arm forces as nurses. Women were not allowed to fight. Women food roles of men such as factories, farms, offices and transport telecommunications. They provided people with food, worked in clothing factories making soldier uniforms, worked munition factories building weapons
Women became more independent during the war what does that mean?
Women became more independent because they were making more money that they work provided. They work provided valuable support to war effort
What happened to the woman after the war?
Their role and position in society was for ever change. They prove that they were capable. Being employed made them independent. Many women chose to be housewives and others continue to work women were divideded. Single and widowed said they had a right to employment over married women. Women socialised without Chaperones
Why did unemployment levels rise?
Unemployment levels rose. Men were angry that women had taken their jobs
What happened to the clothing style of women after war?
They had shorter dresses and hairstyles
What age of women were given the right to vote?
Women of a 30 were given the right to vote after war
What was the campaign for vote of women in Britain?
The king did not have much power. The Parliament was elected males and it had power to make laws. Only rich men could vote. No women had to vote. Three out of 5 men could vote. Most man who served in the army had no vote
Define suffragette
Comes from the word suffrage which means the right to vote. A group of women that used civil disobedience to get attention of public and press
Define public disobedience
Refusal to obey certain laws
What laws did the suffragettes break?
- Broke windows of government buildings
- Smashed shop windows
- Marched to Downing Street and threw stone windows at the prime ministers house
- Set fire to cricket grounds, racecourse stands, golf club horse
- Change themselves to railings of Parliament
- Disrupted public meetings
Define Downing Street
The home of the British prime minister
What happened to the suffragettes in terms of prison?
Hundreds of women were arrested and imprisoned but they continued through a hunger strike.
Define hunger strike
Refusing to eat anything to draw attention to a cause
Who was Emily Pankhurst?
She was one of the leaders. She was a leader of the British suffragette movement and dedicated her life to get the vote of women.
When were Women allowed to vote? What age women allowed to vote?
In 1918 women gain the right to vote and they had to be 30. Men could vote from the age of 21
What happened to Emily Davison?
She ran in front of the Kings horse during a horse race. She was killed. The suffragettes do use many forms of protest
When did the war end?
The war ended at 11 am on the 11th of November 1918
How did the war end?
Germany surrendered to Allied forces. Germany remain confident that they would win
What happened when Russia with Drew from the war?
Russia with Drew from the war and started the Russian revolution
What date did America into the war?
America entered on the 6th of April 1916 and gave strength to the Allied forces.
Where was Germany pushed to?
Germany was pushed away from Paris and back to the German border. The alley the power post them
What did Germany realise?
Germany realise that the victory was impossible. Millions of Germans were starving and the morrow was low. They lost confidence in the King and forced him to leave the country. A new government had come to power which was called the Weimar republic. They signed armistice and agreed to stop fighting.
Define armistice
And agreement to stop fighting.
When did they agree to stop fighting?
Done at 11 am on the 11th of November 1918
What is armistice day?
It is the day the war ended. Your remember it by wearing a red poppy. It is the reminder of the blood split in Flanders/Belgium.
What happened at the peace treaty?
A meeting of the leaders of the countries. They discussed and signed a peace treaty. Peace treaty of Versailles
What was the War Guilt Cause?
The other countries at one wanted revenge on Germany
What were the costs that happened to Germany?
- Germany did not have a say in what happened
- Had to pay for the cost of wall and had to pay millions in reparations
- Germany lost land
- Had to admit that they were the blame for the war
- Was not allowed to build up a defence force again
- They had to write a bank check for the alleys. It was worth £600 600
- Army was cut at 100,000
Why did the map of Europe change?
The map of Europe change because the old empires were no longer existed. There are new countries
What were the new political ideas after the war?
Self-determination and democracy
What did World War I results in afterwards?
Resulted in huge improvement in technology, air travel, medical discoveries. Women were freer and more equal. Millions of people swore never again.
How did World War I contribute to World War II?
The treaty set stage for the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party, outbreak of World War II. It broke out 20 years later
Who was Austria ruled by?
Oscar with a large empire ruled by Habsburg royal family. In the beginning of the 20th century leader was Emperor Franz Joseph. His son died so his brother became heir to the Austrian throne. Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Who was the new German government
A new government had come to power which was called the Weimar republic. They signed armistice and agreed to stop fighting.
