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History > The Nuclear Age and the Cold War > Flashcards

The Nuclear Age and the Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

How many nuclear weapons have been created during war?

A

Only two nuclear weapons have ever been created during war

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2
Q

Who use these to nuclear weapons that were created?

A

The United States used it near the end of World War II which was in 1945

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3
Q

What did the United States use these nuclear weapons for?

A

Bombs were dropped on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nigaski

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4
Q

What are complicated about the nuclear weapons?

A

Signs of nuclear or atomic weapons is very on complicated but the effects of the weapons are easy

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5
Q

What happens to victims underneath explosions?

A

They were vaporised instantly as heat was so intense. Bodies got so hot, they disappeared into thin air

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6
Q

What causes very strong bomb blasts?

A

They have huge explosive capacity

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7
Q

What happens to the people near the fire that swept through the cities? 3km

A

Fire was so great that clothes caught on fire on people that were 3 km away from the centre.

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8
Q

What do explosions release?

A

Release rays of nuclear radiation

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9
Q

What did radiation poisoning do to people?

A

Radiation poisoning kills tens of thousand people and deaths continue to occur years after

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10
Q

Why has nuclear weapons not been used in war again?

A

Because of the destruction caused by the bomb

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11
Q

Summarise what happened at the end of World War II

A

Ali powers for the access powered. The Allied powers defeat of Germany and Italy in May 1945. This ended the war in Europe

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12
Q

When did the Yalta conference take place?

A

It took place in February 19 45 before the end of war

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13
Q

What happened at the Yalta conference?

A

Allies decided Germany was defeated and would be divided into four zones

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14
Q

When did the alleys divide up Germany and Berlin?

A

In June 1945 and they took over the German government

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15
Q

When did the countries move into Berlin?

A

In July 19 45 the American, British and French troops moved into bourbon

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16
Q

When was the Potsdam conference?

A

It was from the 17th of July to the 2nd of August. It was held at the end of war

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17
Q

Who are the participants in the Potsdam conference?

A

The Soviet union which is Russia, Britain and the United States

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18
Q

What was the purpose of the Potsdam conference?

A

Gather to decide how to administer the punishment to Nazi Germany

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19
Q

What did the three nations at the Potsdam conference represent?

A

The three nations represented by Communist party general secretary Joseph Stalin and prime minister Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, President Harry S Truman

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20
Q

What were the reasons of tension between the Allies?

A
  1. Soviet union was occupying central and eastern Europe
  2. Britain had a new prime minister
  3. America had a new president
  4. The US had tested an atomic bomb
  5. Stalin knew about the bomb
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21
Q

Describe what happened when the Soviet union was occupying central and eastern Europe

A

Russian tubes did not want to with draw from countries in eastern Europe. Stalling insisted his control of eastern Europe was defensive measure. But it was possible for future attacks from the western Europe

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22
Q

Why did Britain are having a new prime minister increased tension?

A

Dream the conference the general election was held in Britain. Churchill’s party was defeated. Clement Attlee became prime minister and Attlee deeply distrusted Stalin

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23
Q

Who was America’s new president?

A

Vice President Harry Truman became president

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24
Q

Why did America get a new president?

A

President Rooseveldt died before the end of World War II

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25
Q

Describe why tension increased as America had a new president

A

Roosevelt trusted Stalin not to take over Eastern Europe. At the end of the war the allied unity collapsed. Truman was much more suspicious of Stalin than Roosevelt was

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26
Q

When did the US test an atomic bomb?

A

16th of July 1945

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27
Q

Where did America’s successful tested atomic bomb take place?

A

New Mexico desert in the USA

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28
Q

Define atomic bomb

A

Much more powerful than other bombs it can also be called a nuclear bomb

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29
Q

Describe the scenario that USA had tested an atomic bomb

A

Churchel entryman agreed that the weapon should be used to defeat Japan

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30
Q

When did Truman tell stalin and about the bomb?

A

Truman did not how stalling until 25 July

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31
Q

What did Stalin already know about?

A

He already knew about the bomb that he was not told about. His KGB Spies had infiltrated the group that made the bum.

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32
Q

What happened when the Potsdam declaration has been broadcasted to Japan?

A

On the 26th of July the Potsdam declaration had been broadcasting stupid Japan. It was threatening total destruction until the Japanese government surrendered

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33
Q

Who was Britain’s old prime minister and who is the new prime minister?

A

Wednesday in Churchill’s party was defeated. Clement Attlee became the new prime minister

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34
Q

What happened to buildings during nuclear explosions?

A

Roof tiles mounted half a kilometre away and windspeed on the ground directly beneath the explosion was 600 km/h and the force of the wind flattened the buildings

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35
Q

When did the Cold war almost become the hot war?

A

Early 1960s

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36
Q

Why was it almost the hot war?

A

Superpowers competed over control of Cuba

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37
Q

What did both USA and USSR have in common?

A

Nuclear weapons

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38
Q

What was the first signs of war since WW II?

A

Tension over Cuba

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39
Q

What is Cuba?

A

Cuba is an island off the coast of the American state of Florida.

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40
Q

What was Cuba ruled by?

A

Capitalist oppressive and corrupt government ruled by General Batista

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41
Q

How was Cuba close to the USA?

A

Close economic ties - USA corporations had important investments

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42
Q

What was Cuba regarded as in the 1950s?

A

Playground of the rich who travelled there from the USA

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43
Q

What was life like for the ordinary Cubans?

A

Poor and had few human rights

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44
Q

Why were many Cubans involved in fighting a guerrilla war against Batista’s regime?

A

Cubans were very unhappy with the Batista government

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45
Q

Who was the revolutionaries?

A

Led Fidel Castro and Che Guevara

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46
Q

When and who toppled the Batista regime?

A

In 1959 the revolutionaries toppled the regime

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47
Q

Castro came into power what did he implement?

A

Social reforms which included:
* land redistribution from the rich to the poor
* nationalisation of American owned businesses

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48
Q

What threatened the USA is economic interest?

A

President Kennedy became alarmed at the socialist programme formed by Castro

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49
Q

Then who tried to overthrow Castro’s government?

A

The USA government

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50
Q

The Cuban exiles trained by the US Army invaded what?

A

Q bar at the Bay of pigs

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51
Q

Who was defeated at the Bay of pigs?

A

The Americans were defeated by the Cuban Army. This cause the USA to be humiliated

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52
Q

Define humiliated

A

Made to feel uncomfortable because of shame or wounded pride

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53
Q

What led Castro to ask the Russians for help?

A

The Bay of pigs invasion

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54
Q

What help was offered to Cuba?

A

Russian leader offered economic aid and weapons

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55
Q

Who was the Russian leader?

A

Khrushchev

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56
Q

What did the USA now have after the Bay of pigs invasion?

A

A hostile state which was backed up by the Soviet on its doorstep. USA already had tension with Russia

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57
Q

When did the world come close to a nuclear world war?

A

During the time of the Cuban missile crisis

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58
Q

Castro feared another attack, what did he agree to?

A

Russian military assistance

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59
Q

Why did the Russian leader want to have the United States within the range of fire?

A

He believed it would reduce the risk of potential attack on Russia

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60
Q

Where did America have nuclear missile station?

A

In western Europe and in Turkey which were close to Russian soil

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61
Q

Where and when did the USS are start to build missile installations?

A

In 1962 they started building missile installations in Cuba in a very secretive manner and at a great speed

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62
Q

Who photographed the construction site in Cuba?

A

American spy ships

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63
Q

How did the American government blockade seas around Cuba?

A

They used its navy warships

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64
Q

Who demanded for the removal of the Soviet missile bases?

A

President John F Kennedy

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65
Q

After negotiation the Russian leader decided to remove the missiles in Cuba. What is the USA have to do in return?

A

The US guaranteed it would not attack Cuba

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66
Q

When did a great change take place in Russia?

A

During World War I

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67
Q

What happened during the Russian revolution of 1917?

A

The king was overthrown and a communist government took over the government

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68
Q

Who was the Russian king?

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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69
Q

What was Russia renamed in 1917?

A

Union of Soviet Socialist republics – USSR

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70
Q

Who was the leader of the communist political party called Bolsheviks?

A

Lenin

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71
Q

What did Lenin and the Bolsheviks offer?

A

Peace, land and bread

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72
Q

What did the ordinary and poverty stricken Russians want?

A

Peace, land and bread

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73
Q

When did Russia with draw from World War I?

A

1917

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74
Q

Who took over the leadership of the Soviet union when Lenin died?

A

Stalin

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75
Q

When did Lenin die?

A

1924

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76
Q

What type of leader was Stalin?

A

Ruthless dictator

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77
Q

How did Stalin create a mighty military industrial world power?

A

Extreme violence

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78
Q

Who was in power when WWII ended in 1945 for Russia?

A

Stalin

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79
Q

What happened to the Russian States from 1917 to 1991?

A

Straight from the Baltic and black seeds to the pacific ocean and consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist republics

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80
Q

What is the capital city of Russia?

A

Moscow

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81
Q

Define the Communist ideology

A

No few rich people controlling all the wealth
Government should rule in interest of all
Wealth equally shared between people
Centrally planned – economic equality
No one can own private property or make a profit
State owned large industries and other sources of wealth
Not democratic

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82
Q

Define ideology

A

Set of beliefs, values and ideas

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83
Q

What is the ideology of communism like?

A

Highly sophisticated

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84
Q

Who developed some of the Communist ideology?

A

Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky

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85
Q

What type of movement is communism?

A

Revolutionary movement that promote the violent overthrow of capitalism

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86
Q

Where did communism become popular?

A

Among poor people all over the world

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87
Q

Who was communism a threat to?

A

America and Western Europe. They tried to stamp it out

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88
Q

What type of country is the United States of America?

A

Capitalist country

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89
Q

When did America become extremely powerful?

A

During world War one

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90
Q

What does the United States of America occupy?

A

Most of North America with its 50 states

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91
Q

What is the capital of the United States of America?

A

Washington DC

92
Q

What are the countries that are allied with the USA referred to as?

A

The west

93
Q

What does the west include?

A

Capitalist, democratic countries in Western Europe including Britain

94
Q

Define the capitalist ideology

A

Nothing wrong with some people being rich and others poor
Possibility of making a profit motivate people to work harder
Individuals own private property 
Government does not control the economy
Maybe democratic but sometimes fascist 

95
Q

Who let America to the final stages of World War II?

A

Harry Truman

96
Q

What was Harry Truman strongly opposed to the Soviet union for?

A

Expanding its control in Europe and other parts of the world

97
Q

What did Harry Truman wanted the United States to resist against?

A

Communism and the limit Soviet expansion

98
Q

Who is Albert Einstein?

A

Best known scientist who have ever lived

99
Q

Where did Einstein grow up?

A

Germany

100
Q

What did Einstein develop?

A

Scientific ideas that change your understanding of the universe

101
Q

When was Albert Einstein awarded the Nobel Prize in physics? 

A

1921

102
Q

How was Einstein involved in the making of nuclear or atomic bombs?

A

His scientific theories were used to develop the first nuclear bomb

103
Q

Why did Einstein leave Europe?

A

To escape the Nazis and went to live in America. He was Jewish

104
Q

What did Einstein encourage the American government to invent?

A

An atomic bomb used to stop Nazi ideas from spreading 

105
Q

What were the atomic bombs invented by American scientists used for?

A

Axis power - Japan

106
Q

When was the Manhattan project started?

A

In 1939 the US government started the Manhattan Project

107
Q

What was the Manhattan Project?

A

A top-secret research project to research and produce an atomic bomb

108
Q

When did scientist work on the Manhattan Project?

A

From 1939 to 1945

109
Q

What was the codename for the bombs the Manhattan Project was trying to make?

A

The gadget

110
Q

Define gadget

A

Small tool with a particular function

111
Q

When did the gadget successfully explode?

A

16th of July 1945

112
Q

Where did the gadget successfully explode? 

A

In a desert near Los Alamos in state of New Mexico

113
Q

What happened to the sand when the gadget exploded?

A

The heat of the explosion was so hot that the sand turned to glass

114
Q

Who was the leader of the Manhattan Project?

A

Robert Oppenheimer

115
Q

What did Robert realise when there was a successful explosion?

A

He was relieved about the success but at the same time he realised it had deadly destructive power

116
Q

When was the city of Hiroshima bombed?

A

Sixth of August 1945

117
Q

When was the city of Nagasaki bombed?

A

Ninth of August 1945

118
Q

Why were those two Japanese cities chosen as targets?

A

They produce weapons of war for Japan

119
Q

How many people died at Hiroshima?

A

90,000 people

120
Q

How many people died at Nagasaki?

A

60,000 people

121
Q

When did Japan finally admitted that they had been defeated?

A

On the 14th of August 1945

122
Q

Why did the Second World War end on the 14th of August 1945?

A

America and Japan were no longer fighting

123
Q

Why have we been living in an age that is often called the nuclear age?

A

The threat of terrifying and devastating nuclear weapons change the nature of war forever

124
Q

What was Einstein deeply concerned about?

A

Humanity and world peace

125
Q

What did Albert Einstein tried to persuade leaders to do?

A

Give up nuclear weapons

126
Q

Why did America drop the bombs?

A

They wanted to in the war in the Pacific against the Japanese. There are three main reasons

127
Q

What are the three main reasons for America dropping the bombs?

A
  1. To avoid further casualties
  2. To keep Stalin out of Japan and to frighten Russia 
  3. To frighten the Japanese military leaders into surrendering
128
Q

Define casualties

A

People injured, killed, captured or missing in the wall

129
Q

Where did casualties occurred during the invasion of Japan?

A

On both sides

130
Q

What would’ve happened to the people of war continued between America and Japan?

A

It would have caused the death of about 250,000 people per month, mostly Asians

131
Q

Why did America use the atomic bomb to keep stalling in check?

A

Used to intimidate the Soviet union

132
Q

Define intimidate

A

Bully someone or make them afraid of you

133
Q

What did the USA use the atomic bombs to show when it comes to military?

A

Show that they were militarily superior to the USSR

134
Q

Why did America want to stop the USSR from invading Japan?

A

They did not want to share a victory with the USS are like they did in Germany

135
Q

What is force the Japanese to surrender?

A

The destruction caused by the bombs would instil fear of further destruction

136
Q

Define justified

A

Provide good enough reason to or something

137
Q

When did Russia join the allies in the war?

A

In 1941, Hitler’s troops invaded Russia

138
Q

During World War II what side was Russia on?

A

Same side as Britain, France and America

139
Q

Why did Capitalist USA and Communist Russia fight on the same side? 

A

They had the same enemies which was Germany, Italy and Japan

140
Q

When did Russia develop their own nuclear weapons?

A

By 1949

141
Q

Why was it called a hot war?

A

Nuclear bombs were too dangerous and too destructive

142
Q

Define Cold War

A

Rivalry Between USA and the USSR 

143
Q

Why was it called the Cold War?

A

It was not fought between two powers on the battlefield

144
Q

What two countries with the most powerful countries in the world?

A

America and Russia

145
Q

What was America and Russia often referred to as? 

A

Superpowers

146
Q

Define Superpowers

A

The two strongest powers after World War II

147
Q

What was the nuclear arms race?

A

Competition in which two countries, the United States and the Soviet union, tried to build up the most nuclear weapons during the Cold War

148
Q

What did the policy of the arms race became known as?

A

Mutual assured destruction (MAD)

149
Q

What does the mutual assured destruction agreement mean?

A

If one side attacked with nuclear weapons then the other side would respond with a nuclear attack too

150
Q

When did the Cold War almost become a hot war?

A

In the early 1960s the superpowers completed over control of Cuba

151
Q

What was the first signs of war sent the end of World War II?

A

Detention over Cuba

152
Q

What was the tension over Cuba a threat of?

A

Nuclear destruction

153
Q

What is Cuba?

A

An island off the coast of American State of Florida 

154
Q

What’s the type of government did Cuba have?

A

Capitalist, oppressive and corrupt government ruled by general Batista

155
Q

Who did Cuba have close economic ties with?

A

America

156
Q

What type of investments did America have in Cuba?

A

American corporations had important investments in Cuba

157
Q

What was Cuba regarded as in the 1950s?

A

The playground of the rich who travelled there from the USA

158
Q

What was lifelike for ordinary Cubans?

A

Poor and few human rights

159
Q

What happened when the Cubans were very unhappy with the Batista government?

A

Many were involved in fighting a guerrilla war against his regime

160
Q

Who was the revolutionaries?

A

Led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara

161
Q

When and who top of that Batista regime?

A

In 1959 the revolutionaries top of the Batista

162
Q

Where did the rich Cubans go to?

A

Fled to America

163
Q

What race grew out of the Cold War?

A

The space race

164
Q

When did military scientist in the USSR and the USA begin developing Rockets?

A

After World War II

165
Q

What would the Rockets be able to do?

A

Carrie nuclear bombs over long distances

166
Q

Why would they creating rocket that could carry nuclear weapons?

A

They were much faster than aeroplanes and could be fired without warning

167
Q

Who took the lead in the rocket technology?

A

The Russians

168
Q

Who and when was the first satellite put into space?

A

In 1957 Soviet union put the first satellite into space

169
Q

Why was there a fear that America might never catch up in the space race?

A

They did had no idea that Russian science was so advanced

170
Q

When the USA felt inferior, what did they do?

A

Decided to compete in a space race with the Russians

171
Q

What was the space race competition all about?

A

Along competition to be first in the exploration of space

172
Q

What is the type of competition was the space race?

A

Peaceful competition

173
Q

Who and when was a dog sent into space?

A

In 1957 the Russians send a dog into space

174
Q

What was the dog’s name?

A

Laika

175
Q

What did the dog into space mission provide scientist with?

A

First information on the behaviour of a living creature in space

176
Q

When did the dog die in space?

A

After a few hours in space from overheating and stress

177
Q

Who was the first person to go into space?

A

In 1961, the astronaut Yuri Gagarin was the first person

178
Q

At the start what was the goals for the space race?

A

No set goals

179
Q

What was president Kennedy is set goal?

A

Landing a man on the moon before the Russians

180
Q

What was publicised for the world to see in terms of America?

A

American space activities in the race to the moon we’re open the publicised

181
Q

What is the Russian activities publicise?

A

Space programs were secret and launches were not announced in advance. Only success we made public

182
Q

When was the first moon landing?

A

The 20th of July 1969

183
Q

Who landed on the moon?

A

Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins

184
Q

What was written in most American newspapers?

A

Lee story was about Armstrong being the first man to walk on the moon

185
Q

What was a source of national pride for America?

A

The landing on the moon

186
Q

What did the landing send a message about?

A

America could complete in and win the Cold War

187
Q

Who won the space race?

A

American astronauts

188
Q

Who was the space race important for?

A

All humankind

189
Q

What did Armstrong say when he landed on the moon?

A

One small step for man, One giant leap for mankind 

190
Q

Who became the leader of the USSR in 1985?

A

Milhaud Gorbachev

191
Q

What did Gorbachev begin to introduce in order to help the economy?

A

Re-forms in the USSR - Perestroika

192
Q

What does perestroika mean?

A

Restructuring of the Soviet economy

193
Q

What did Gorbachev also introduce?

A

Glasnost - A policy of openness

194
Q

What type of new freedom was given to the Soviet people?

A

Greater freedom of speech

195
Q

What did the reforms in the Soviet union have affects on?

A

Communist countries in Eastern Europe

196
Q

When did mass demonstrations against the Communist government in East Germany take place?

A

1989

197
Q

Who was east Germany is head of state?

A

Erich Honecker

198
Q

When it did East Germany’s head of state resign?

A

October 1989

199
Q

What did the new east German government prepared to do?

A

A new law to lift the travel restrictions for east German citizens

200
Q

What was called West Germany?

A

Britain, France and the United States combine economies of the western zones of Germany under their control

201
Q

What did the Soviet union compose on the eastern zone of Germany?

A

East Germany was imposed the Communist rule

202
Q

Between which period did many people immigrate from East Germany to West Germany?

A

Between 1946 and 1961/3,000,000 people immigrated from East Germany to West Germany

203
Q

Where was the capital city of Germany situated?

A

East

204
Q

What was Berlin divided into?

A

Western Allied occupied West Berlin and Soviet occupied East Berlin

205
Q

When could people who lived in East Berlin visit the west?

A

They work during the day and in the evening if they could visit West Berlin to meet friends and relatives

206
Q

How many movie tickets were sold each year in West Berlin to East Berlin is?

A

8 million

207
Q

How many people from the east came daily to West Berlin to work in factories and workshops?

A

60,000 people

208
Q

For how many years could people move fairly freely in both parts of the city?

A

13 years

209
Q

How many people from East Berlin and the Soviet zone visited the West Berlin every day?

A

200,000

210
Q

When did the USSR order the blocking off of East Berlin from West Berlin?

A

August 1961

211
Q

What was put up across the border of Berlin?

A

A barbed wire fence. Over next three months construction workers began building a solid wall 

212
Q

When did the Wall was built, what happened to the people living in East Berlin?

A

No longer to go to West Berlin

213
Q

Where did the wall cause an outrage for?

A

In the west

214
Q

Who faced each other in Berlin?

A

American and Soviet tanks

215
Q

What explicit orders did the east German Communist government give?

A

To shoot and kill attempted defectors

216
Q

What happened when people try to cross the Berlin Wall?

A

Heavily guarded and about hundreds of people were killed and many winded trying to cross the wall

217
Q

What happened on November 9, 1989?

A

A member of the new east German government was asked at a press conference when the new east German travel north to come into force

218
Q

What did the gods do when thousands of East Berliners gathered at the border crossing?

A

Had not been given orders about what to do. They refused at 1st to open the borders

219
Q

What happened when the gods were unable to control the crowds?

A

They allowed the gate to open and thousands of people to post through with little or no identity checking

220
Q

What did the east and west Berlin is do you win the United?

A

Danced in the streets in what became the biggest party the city had

221
Q

Why was the wall still Gardens?

A

Military tried to repair some of the damage done to the wall

222
Q

What happened when the German government soon collapse?

A

German reunification followed in 1990 and the war was completely destroyed

223
Q

When was the Cold War declared officially over?

A

December 1989

224
Q

Who declared that the Cold War was officially over?

A

American President George HW Bush senior and Gorbachev

225
Q

After the Cold War what did Gorbachev think he could save?

A

V Communist system in the USS are – his new policies failed

226
Q

What happened in late 1991?

A

The Soviet union dissolved and Communist government came to an end

History (12 decks)

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