Turning Points In South Africa Flashcards
When was the first turning point?
Took place in 1960
What was the first turning point sparked by?
Protested against the pass laws
When did people continue to resist apartheid?
In the 1950s, without the use of violence
What was involved in protests that were met with repression?
Banning, arrests, stricter laws and police violence
Define Africanist
Ideology that says that black African people should determine their own future
Who were members of the ANC that decided to break away?
Africanist
What did the Africanists that those away from the ANC form?
Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC)
When did PAC form?
6 April 1959
Who was the first president of PAC?
Robert Sobukwe
What did PAC believe?
The struggle against apartheid was an African struggle
Who did PAC not want to work with?
Organisations which were not African and white organisations
Example of a white organisation that PAC did not want to work with
Congress of Democrats
Why was the PAC not considered racist?
Beloved that’s bite had too much to lose to be reliable allies
What were the PAC colours?
Like the ANC colours - black, green and gold
What did the green on the PAC flag symbolise?
The youth and vitality of the continent of Africa
What did the yellow on the PAC flag symbolise?
The wealth
What did the black on the PAC flag symbolise?
Colour of it’s people
How many Africans were being convicted under the pass laws every year? 1958
One and a half million Africans
What was the apes officially called in 1958?
Reference book
What was the Afrikaans word for the pass?
Dompas - stupid pass
Define Dompas
Afrikaans word for stupid pass. Commonly used name for the reference books that africans had to carry by law
What were the pass books meant to show?
Africans were temporary travellers in white South Africa
Who had to carry a pass?
Every black adult
What type of methods were the pass laws?
Basic method used by apartheid government used to control the movement of black majority in South Africa
List the pass laws
• Determine where blacks live and work
• Determine work they do
• Stated that black adult allowed to be in city or areab
When did the pass had to be carried?
All time and they had to produce it instantly on demand of policeman
What would happen if black adult did not have lass available?
Instantly arrested, prosecuted and fined or jailed
Who organised anti-pass campaigns in 1960s?
ANC and PAC
When did the PAC organise a demonstration?
Monday 21 March 1960
What did the PAC believe in for action?
Taking positive action against pass laws
What would the anti-pass demonstration make the system do?
Make system unable to operate. Mass arrests would clog up courses and jails with thousands of people
What did the PAC plan to do at the anti-pass demonstration?
Lead large crowds of people to local police stations. Leave passes at home and demands arrest
When did large crowds gather outside Sharpeville police station?
21 March 1960
What happened at the Sharpeville massacre?
Police opened fire on crowd.
How many people died at the Sharpeville massacre?
69
How many people were wounded at the Sharpeville massacre?
180
How were most people shot at Sharpeville massacre?
Shot in the back, as they were trying to leave
How is the Sharpeville Massacre remembered?
National public holiday - Human Rights Day - 21 March
Who was Philip Kgosana?
PAC member from Pretoria
Where was Philip Kgosana a student of?
Student at the university of Cape Town in 1959
Why did Philip Kgosana look for accommodation?
No boarding facilities for black students on campus
Where did Philip Kgosana look for accommodation?
In Langa
Who did Philip Kgosana meet in Langa
He met local PAC members who shared his political views
What happened when Philip Kgosana failed his first year of university?
Continued his political activity in Langa
After the Sharpeville Massacre where was tension?
Cape Town African townships of Nyanga and Langa
What brought Cape Town industries to a standstill?
African Worker’s strike
How did the police attempt to bring the strike to an end?
By breaking into houses in the townships, beating people and shooting those who attempted to escape
What was the response to this brutality?
March to Cape Town was organised
How old was Philip Kgosana when he led a peaceful march?
23 years old
What peaceful march did Philip Kgosana lead?
30 000 people from Langa to city centre of Cape Town on the 30th March 1960
How did Philip and them march?
Peaceful and well controlled. Marched in total Silence
Who did Philip meet with in Cape Town during the protest?
apartheid police chief
What did the police chief promise?
To set up a meeting between Kgosana and the Minister of Justice, on condition that the marchers returned home
What happened when Philip arrived at the meeting with the Minister of Justice?
He was arrested
What happened to Philip at the end of the 1960s?
He was awaiting Trial, he was allowed out on temporary bail to visit his family for Christmas
What did Philip do when he was let out on temporary bail?
He use this as an opportunity to flee the country and begin a life of exile
When did repression in apartheid South Africa increase?
After the Sharpeville massacre and Langa March 1960
How did South Africa try to crack down on its opponents?
The government declared a state of emergency
What did the state of emergency pass?
A new law called the Unlawful Organisations Act
What did the Unlawful Organisations Act do?
Banned the two main resistance organisations - ANC + PAC
How did resistance against apartheid change?
From passive resistance to violent resistance
Why did many people believe it was useless for the ANC and PAC to continue using non-violence against the government?
The government responded by attacking unarmed people
What did the ANC and PAC form?
Armed wings - continued to do work underground and illegally
Define wing
Part of the organisation dedicated to a particular task, like publicity or armed fighting
Where did some members who left the ANC and PAC go to?
Continue the struggle in exile
Define the struggle
The name for the resistance activities by South Africans against apartheid
What was the Armed movements in the ANC known as? 
Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) or Spear of the Nation
Who led the Spear of the Nation?
Nelson Mandela
Between 1961 and 1963 what did MK attack?
Over 200 non-human targets throughout South Africa
What were the non-human targets?
Government buildings, property such as electricity pylons
Who was the leader of PAC?
Robert Sobukwe
When was Robert arrested?
After Sharpeville and he was given a three year jail sentence
What armed wing did the PAC form?
Poqo
What did Poqo embark on?
A violent sabotage campaign
Define sabotage
A deliberate action to destroy property or to disrupt services
Did Poqo avoid loss of life?
They made no effort to avoid loss of life
Where were Poqo members put?
On Robben Island while the others were executed by hanging
How did international pressure against apartheid increase?
Newspapers all over the world reported the Sharpeville massacre which publicise the brutual nature of the apartheid system
When were a nationwide month of boycotting South African goods arranged?
In 1960 there was a protest against the policies of apartheid 
Where did thousands gather for the boycotting of South African goods?
Thousands gathered in the Trafalgar Square to start the boycott and condemn the racial discrimination
What did some banners at the boycotting of South African goods read?
Apartheid is Facism
Apartheid is murder
What did the General Law Amendment Act of 1963 do?
Allow the police to detain people for 90 days without charging them and without allowing them access to a lawyer
What would happen at the end of the 90 days?
The police could rearrest and Reidy Tain them for a further 90 days
Where were detainees held for 90 days?
Solitary confinement
Define solitary confinement
The isolation of a prisoner in jail, kept separate from others
Where was the secret headquarters of Umkhonto we Sizwe?
At a farm called Liliesleaf in Johannesburg suburb called Rivonia
What was the house on the farm used as?
Hiding place and shelter. They also attended meetings here and debated political and military policies and tactics
When was the Liliesleaf farm raided by police?
1963 June
What happened to the leaders of MK who are at the farm when it was raided?
They were arrested
What law were the leaders of the MK on the farm put under?
Detained under the General Law Amendment Act
What did the General Law Amendment Act do to
the MK leaders?
Security officials were allowed to keep the people in jail if they were suspected of political crimes
What happened to white detainees?
Psychologically tortured 
What happened to black detainees?
Physically tortured
When was Nelson Mandela captured by the police?
Months before the Rivonia raid, in August 1962
What was Nelson Mandela originally sentenced for?
Travelling outside South Africa without a passport
At the time of the Rivonia raid, how many months was Mandela imprisoned for?
Over eight months
How did the ANC use the child to win worldwide support and attention?
Mandela was growing and international reputation
How many people were accused at the Rivonia trial? 
11
When the defence case started against Rivonia who was the first defence witness?
Nelson Mandela
Who was the state prosecutor?
Dr Percy Yutar Had prepared to cross examine Mandela and break him down 
Why was Dr Percy shocked?
ANC lawyers announce at Mandela not give evidence but instead would make a statement from the doc
How many of the 11 accused were sentenced to life imprisonment?
Eight out of the 11 were sent to life imprisonment in June 1964 and was sent to prison on Robben Island
Who was found not guilty at the Rivonia case?
Lionel Berstein, Bob Hepple and James Kantor - left country
What happened to the organised resistance to apartheid after the Rivonia Trial?
It’s slow down as many of the anti-apartheid leaders were in jail or an exile
What did the police do by 1964?
Succeeded in ruthlessly crushing always all of the internal resistance of the liberation movement
How did South Africa become a police state? 
New repressive laws were passed which made South Africa a police state
What was the new movement called which lead renewed resistance?
In the 1970s there was a new movement called Black Consciousness 
Where did the black consciousness explode?
Soweto in 1976
Define accused
The legal word which means a defendant in a criminal trial
When did the Black Consciousness Movement begin?
During the 1970s
Who led the BC?
Man from Eastern Cape - Steve Biki
Who was Biko was inspired by?
Robert Sobukwe’s ideas
What did the BC encourage all black people to do?
To recognise their human dignity and self worth
What did the BC movement understand?
Black liberation were not only come from political changes but also from psychological changes
Define psychological
Mental or emotional, as opposed to physical in nature
What did they have to believe to take real power?
Believe in themselves and the value of their blackness
What’s good white people offer any black consciousness movement?
Support for political change but could not lead or belong
What had happened before the black conscious movement could truly become nonracial?
Black people first have to gain psychological, physical and political power for themselves
What did the black South Africans include?
Indians and Collins
Who was oppressed by the government? biko views
Non-whites
When did the black consciousness movement spread from university campuses into black townships?
1970s
Black consciousness was a movement, not an organisation. What does this mean?
People of different political parties supported its ideas
When was Biko banned?
1973
What did the banning of Biko mean?
He was not allowed to speak to more than one person at a time, was restricted to certain areas and could not make speeches in public
What was it for bed and for other people to do when it came to Biko?
“Anything he said in speeches, conversations or mention him at all
What a Biko and the black consciousness movement play a large role in?
Inspiring student leaders of the protest, which lead up to the Soweto uprising
What happened on the morning of the 16th of June 1976?
20,000 schoolchildren in Soweto went on a protest march
What were the children in Soweto protesting against?
Having to use Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in arithmetic and social studies at school
Define medium of instruction
The language of teaching
What was there a great deal about in 1976?
Disk content about the poor facilities in schools for black children
What was it like in the schools for black children in 1976?
Shortage of classrooms and lack of qualified teachers
What was the people to teacher Rachel in 1976?
70 people is to one teacher
Who did the apartheid government spend more education on?
White children, 10 times
What was the black peoples education known as?
Bantu education
What was the role of the ANC and radio freedom?
Young people learnt about the ideas of the ANC by listening to shortwave radio broadcast on radio freedom
Where was radio freedom podcast it from?
Tanzania
When young people first learn about the ANC?
1970s
Who was Angola and Mozambique rude by?
White rude Portuguese colonies
When did the Portuguese colonies become independent countries?
1973 and 1974
What is gave South Africa a sense of
Introduction of black majority rule in countries so close to South Africa’s borders
What did the new government in Mozambique and Angola support?
Freedom struggle against apartheid in South Africa
Who was detained in 1976
Zephaniah Mothopeng
What was Zephaniah charge for?
15 years in jail in 1979, for trying to overthrow the government
How old was Zephaniah?
66 years old
What was Zephaniah charged with having?
Recruiting and sent me an out of the country for military training and being involved in the student and rest of 1976
Who organise the PAC underground activities?
Zephaniah
What was Tehobo Mashinini’s nickname?
Tsietsi
Define Tsietsi
Trouble or problems in Sesotho
When did Tehobo Mashinini’s become a student? Where did he become a student?
Morris Isaacson High
Who was Tehobo Mashinini?
Excellent leader, passionate reader, hard-working student and the chairperson of the debating team
Who taught Tehobo Mashinini?
Abram Onkgopotse Tiro
Who was Tiro?
Black Consciousness leader - influenced Tehebo political thinking
What happened on the 13th of June 1976?
500 to Soweto students met at the Orlando Donaldson community hall
What did the 500 Soweto students discuss?
Ways to challenge their inferior Bantu education
What type of March did the 500 students decide to do?
A peaceful march on the 16th of June against the introduction of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction
Where was Teboho elected leader?
Student set up the Soweto student representative council
What happened to him after the 16th of June?
He became the police is number one target for arrest
Where did Teboho fled to?
Botswana
What happened to Teboho in exile?
Died in the city of Conakry, Guinea in 1990 - month before due to come home
What does Soweto stand for?
Southwest townships – lies to the south west of Johannesburg
What was the weight of set up to be?
Set up by apartheid government for black South Africans to live in
What did the Soweto March start of fast?
Peacefully
What happened to the protesting students?
Police open fire
What happened to the protesting students?
Police open fire
Who was the first student to be shot by the police? Media
Hector Pieterson
Who was the first student to be shot by the police? Actually
Hastings Ndlovu - 15 year old
Why did Hastings name not become well known?
No switch off your face on the scene of the time of his death
Who was photographs taken of?
Hector Pieterson after his shot
Describe Hector’s photograph
Dying Hector, a 13-year-old boy from Orlando hi
Who took the photo of Hector?
Sam Nzima
What was the iconic photo of Hector?
The photo taken by Sam, his dead body
What is an iconic image?
Symbolic
What does Hectors photograph symbolise?
The whole liberation movement
How many people died from Soweto?
176
What happened within the next few months of Soweto?
Police had spread to 160 black townships all over South Africa
When did the apartheid government increased?
After Soweto
What replaced Suppression of Communism Act?
Amendment Act
What did Amendment Act do?
Gave more powers to the Minister of Justice - included declaration of unlawful organisations, prohibition of attendance at gatherings, restriction of persons, detention of persons in custody and witness
When was Biko arrested again?
1977
How long was Biko arrested until his death?
Eighteen days
According to the officer what happened to Biko?
There was a scuffle, head hit wall
What actually happened to Biko?
He was brutally tortured
What did his death cause?
Worldwide outcry and he became a matyr and symbol of resistance
Where did the resistance against apartheid increase?
Inside and outside South Africa – so did the government repression
How many students left the country and went into exile?
14,000
What weakend the BC movement?
The Soweto uprising in 1976 and Biko’s death
What happened to many BC supporters?
They went into exile
What was the largest of the movement fighting for majority rule in South Africa?
MK
Into the majority of the BC people join?
Join the ANC and trained as soldiers for MK
Define APLA
Azanian People’s liberation Army
When and why did the apartheid government make small changes to the laws?
In the 1980s they made small changes because they wanted to try stop black resentment
What did you apartheid government introduced?
A number of gradual reforms in the hope of controlling and stopping the unrest
What were new words used for?
Old racist policies
What did the government give to the bantustans?
Independence
Give me independence to the battery stands, what is the government think they would do you?
Hoped to create a group of black leaders in the bank you stand he would be loyal to the government
What happened in business?
Attempt to create black middle-class which would after black people an opportunity for wealth and comfort
The African trade union to recognise, what does this mean?
They can now fight legally for the right of black workers
What Parliamentary system was introduced?
Tricameral parliament
What did the Tricameral parliament create?
Three chambers
Who were able to vote?
White, Indians, Coloureds - different chamber
Why weren’t black people allowed to vote?
Expected to be citizens of the bantustans and we still refused the right to vote
When did the unrest that started with Soweto deepen?
1980s
What was formed to protest against the Tricameral Parliament?
The United Democratic Front (UDF)
What was the UDF?
Non-racial alliance of local and community organisations
Why did the government introduce a policy of repression?
hope of stamping out all resistance to its laws
How did the government stop resistance?
army and police
Define collaborators
someone who assist the enemy
What happened to collaborators?
Killed
What happened to anti-apartheid organisations?
Banned and leaders imprisoned
What happened to detainees?
Tortured and many died
What did the government claim happened to detainees?
Suicide or strange accidents - falling down stairs/windows
What happened to police when State of Emergency happened?
Given wide powers
What intensified anger of black people?
Townships were patrolled by police
What did the ANC in exile do?
Make townships ungovernable
What did the youth take to streets?
Protesting against local township councils and presence of troops
What did the international community put pressure on the government with?
Trade sanctions
Define sanctions
The practice of not trading with a country that has unjust system of government
What happened between 1970 and 1984?
Foreign investments dropped by 30%
Define foreign investments
Countries overseas buy or funds business in South Africa
What sold its assets to South Africa?
Barclays Bank
What did attempting to isolate it from the rest of the world do?
International anti-apartheid groups put more pressure on the South African government
What did protest action lead to?
Exclusion of South Africa from the Olympic a participation and international sport
What type of boycotts were there?
Consumer boycotts, academic and cultural boycott
Define boycott
The decision not to participate in something
What happened to musicians?
Encourage you not to perform in South Africa
Who became the worlds only superpower?
America
Did the National party support communism?
Strongly anti-Communist
What did the National party label communism as?
Anyone who disagreed with a brutal system
How did the National party justify the actions?
Calling them Communist people
Why couldn’t the National party justify the actions anymore?
There was a collapse of communism in the USSR
What did the USA and the USSR compete for?
Influence in Africa
What did the independent ex-colonies in Africa get?
Military and economic support from one of the superpowers
Why did America and British governments not put much pressure on the apartheid state?
They were opposed to communism
What did the British and American government say about apartheid?
Criticise apartheid, there is a flood arms to the government
What did the ANC rely on the Soviet union for?
Economic and military support
What happened to the president PW Botha in 1989?
Had a mild stroke
Why was PW forced to resign?
Dissatisfaction in the National party about his leadership
Who replaced PW Botha?
FW de. Klerk
How did FW de Klerk back think there was a solution to the conflict?
Possible to reach a political solution
Why did many big businesses support the idea of a political solution?
Suffering from regular strike action and economic sanctions
When did south Africa stand on the brink of a civil war?
End of 1980s
Why was there a deadlock between the government and townships?
Townships could not overthrow government. Government could not crush resistance movements
When and who unbanned the ANC, PAC, South African Communist Party?
1989 - President FW de Klerk - last apartheid head of state
How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?
27 years
What did Nelson Mandela help with?
Peaceful end to apartheid
What of Mandela inspired people?
Leadership
What did the National party enter?
Negotiations with the ANC and other political parties
What happened while the negotiations were taking place?
Violence spread throughout the country
What did the violence threaten?
To destroy the negotiations process
Who was fighting the ANC?
Supporters of Inkatha - Zulu ethnic movement
Why did the government encourage black on black violence?
Hope to make negotiations fail + create distrust
What did the ANC and National Party agree on?
To hold an election for democratic parliament
When did the first democratic election take place?
April 1994
