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History > Turning Points In South Africa > Flashcards

Turning Points In South Africa Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the first turning point?

A

Took place in 1960

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2
Q

What was the first turning point sparked by?

A

Protested against the pass laws

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3
Q

When did people continue to resist apartheid?

A

In the 1950s, without the use of violence

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4
Q

What was involved in protests that were met with repression?

A

Banning, arrests, stricter laws and police violence

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5
Q

Define Africanist

A

Ideology that says that black African people should determine their own future

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6
Q

Who were members of the ANC that decided to break away?

A

Africanist

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7
Q

What did the Africanists that those away from the ANC form?

A

Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC)

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8
Q

When did PAC form?

A

6 April 1959

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9
Q

Who was the first president of PAC?

A

Robert Sobukwe

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10
Q

What did PAC believe?

A

The struggle against apartheid was an African struggle

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11
Q

Who did PAC not want to work with?

A

Organisations which were not African and white organisations

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12
Q

Example of a white organisation that PAC did not want to work with

A

Congress of Democrats

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13
Q

Why was the PAC not considered racist?

A

Beloved that’s bite had too much to lose to be reliable allies

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14
Q

What were the PAC colours?

A

Like the ANC colours - black, green and gold

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15
Q

What did the green on the PAC flag symbolise?

A

The youth and vitality of the continent of Africa

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16
Q

What did the yellow on the PAC flag symbolise?

A

The wealth

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17
Q

What did the black on the PAC flag symbolise?

A

Colour of it’s people

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18
Q

How many Africans were being convicted under the pass laws every year? 1958

A

One and a half million Africans

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19
Q

What was the apes officially called in 1958?

A

Reference book

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20
Q

What was the Afrikaans word for the pass?

A

Dompas - stupid pass

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21
Q

Define Dompas

A

Afrikaans word for stupid pass. Commonly used name for the reference books that africans had to carry by law

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22
Q

What were the pass books meant to show?

A

Africans were temporary travellers in white South Africa

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23
Q

Who had to carry a pass?

A

Every black adult

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24
Q

What type of methods were the pass laws?

A

Basic method used by apartheid government used to control the movement of black majority in South Africa

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25
Q

List the pass laws

A

• Determine where blacks live and work
• Determine work they do
• Stated that black adult allowed to be in city or areab

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26
Q

When did the pass had to be carried?

A

All time and they had to produce it instantly on demand of policeman

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27
Q

What would happen if black adult did not have lass available?

A

Instantly arrested, prosecuted and fined or jailed

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28
Q

Who organised anti-pass campaigns in 1960s?

A

ANC and PAC

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29
Q

When did the PAC organise a demonstration?

A

Monday 21 March 1960

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30
Q

What did the PAC believe in for action?

A

Taking positive action against pass laws

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31
Q

What would the anti-pass demonstration make the system do?

A

Make system unable to operate. Mass arrests would clog up courses and jails with thousands of people

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32
Q

What did the PAC plan to do at the anti-pass demonstration?

A

Lead large crowds of people to local police stations. Leave passes at home and demands arrest

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33
Q

When did large crowds gather outside Sharpeville police station?

A

21 March 1960

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34
Q

What happened at the Sharpeville massacre?

A

Police opened fire on crowd.

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35
Q

How many people died at the Sharpeville massacre?

A

69

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36
Q

How many people were wounded at the Sharpeville massacre?

A

180

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37
Q

How were most people shot at Sharpeville massacre?

A

Shot in the back, as they were trying to leave

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38
Q

How is the Sharpeville Massacre remembered?

A

National public holiday - Human Rights Day - 21 March

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39
Q

Who was Philip Kgosana?

A

PAC member from Pretoria

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40
Q

Where was Philip Kgosana a student of?

A

Student at the university of Cape Town in 1959

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41
Q

Why did Philip Kgosana look for accommodation?

A

No boarding facilities for black students on campus

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42
Q

Where did Philip Kgosana look for accommodation?

A

In Langa

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43
Q

Who did Philip Kgosana meet in Langa

A

He met local PAC members who shared his political views

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44
Q

What happened when Philip Kgosana failed his first year of university?

A

Continued his political activity in Langa

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45
Q

After the Sharpeville Massacre where was tension?

A

Cape Town African townships of Nyanga and Langa

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46
Q

What brought Cape Town industries to a standstill?

A

African Worker’s strike

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47
Q

How did the police attempt to bring the strike to an end?

A

By breaking into houses in the townships, beating people and shooting those who attempted to escape

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48
Q

What was the response to this brutality?

A

March to Cape Town was organised

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49
Q

How old was Philip Kgosana when he led a peaceful march?

A

23 years old

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50
Q

What peaceful march did Philip Kgosana lead?

A

30 000 people from Langa to city centre of Cape Town on the 30th March 1960

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51
Q

How did Philip and them march?

A

Peaceful and well controlled. Marched in total Silence

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52
Q

Who did Philip meet with in Cape Town during the protest?

A

apartheid police chief

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53
Q

What did the police chief promise?

A

To set up a meeting between Kgosana and the Minister of Justice, on condition that the marchers returned home

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54
Q

What happened when Philip arrived at the meeting with the Minister of Justice?

A

He was arrested

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55
Q

What happened to Philip at the end of the 1960s?

A

He was awaiting Trial, he was allowed out on temporary bail to visit his family for Christmas

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56
Q

What did Philip do when he was let out on temporary bail?

A

He use this as an opportunity to flee the country and begin a life of exile

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57
Q

When did repression in apartheid South Africa increase?

A

After the Sharpeville massacre and Langa March 1960

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58
Q

How did South Africa try to crack down on its opponents?

A

The government declared a state of emergency

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59
Q

What did the state of emergency pass?

A

A new law called the Unlawful Organisations Act

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60
Q

What did the Unlawful Organisations Act do?

A

Banned the two main resistance organisations - ANC + PAC

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61
Q

How did resistance against apartheid change?

A

From passive resistance to violent resistance

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62
Q

Why did many people believe it was useless for the ANC and PAC to continue using non-violence against the government?

A

The government responded by attacking unarmed people

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63
Q

What did the ANC and PAC form?

A

Armed wings - continued to do work underground and illegally

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64
Q

Define wing

A

Part of the organisation dedicated to a particular task, like publicity or armed fighting

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65
Q

Where did some members who left the ANC and PAC go to?

A

Continue the struggle in exile

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66
Q

Define the struggle

A

The name for the resistance activities by South Africans against apartheid

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67
Q

What was the Armed movements in the ANC known as? 

A

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) or Spear of the Nation

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68
Q

Who led the Spear of the Nation?

A

Nelson Mandela

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69
Q

Between 1961 and 1963 what did MK attack?

A

Over 200 non-human targets throughout South Africa

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70
Q

What were the non-human targets?

A

Government buildings, property such as electricity pylons

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71
Q

Who was the leader of PAC?

A

Robert Sobukwe

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72
Q

When was Robert arrested?

A

After Sharpeville and he was given a three year jail sentence

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73
Q

What armed wing did the PAC form?

A

Poqo

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74
Q

What did Poqo embark on?

A

A violent sabotage campaign

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75
Q

Define sabotage

A

A deliberate action to destroy property or to disrupt services

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76
Q

Did Poqo avoid loss of life?

A

They made no effort to avoid loss of life

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77
Q

Where were Poqo members put?

A

On Robben Island while the others were executed by hanging

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78
Q

How did international pressure against apartheid increase?

A

Newspapers all over the world reported the Sharpeville massacre which publicise the brutual nature of the apartheid system

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79
Q

When were a nationwide month of boycotting South African goods arranged?

A

In 1960 there was a protest against the policies of apartheid 

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80
Q

Where did thousands gather for the boycotting of South African goods?

A

Thousands gathered in the Trafalgar Square to start the boycott and condemn the racial discrimination

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81
Q

What did some banners at the boycotting of South African goods read?

A

Apartheid is Facism
Apartheid is murder

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82
Q

What did the General Law Amendment Act of 1963 do?

A

Allow the police to detain people for 90 days without charging them and without allowing them access to a lawyer

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83
Q

What would happen at the end of the 90 days?

A

The police could rearrest and Reidy Tain them for a further 90 days

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84
Q

Where were detainees held for 90 days?

A

Solitary confinement

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85
Q

Define solitary confinement

A

The isolation of a prisoner in jail, kept separate from others

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86
Q

Where was the secret headquarters of Umkhonto we Sizwe?

A

At a farm called Liliesleaf in Johannesburg suburb called Rivonia

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87
Q

What was the house on the farm used as?

A

Hiding place and shelter. They also attended meetings here and debated political and military policies and tactics

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88
Q

When was the Liliesleaf farm raided by police?

A

1963 June

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89
Q

What happened to the leaders of MK who are at the farm when it was raided?

A

They were arrested

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90
Q

What law were the leaders of the MK on the farm put under?

A

Detained under the General Law Amendment Act

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91
Q

What did the General Law Amendment Act do to
the MK leaders?

A

Security officials were allowed to keep the people in jail if they were suspected of political crimes

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92
Q

What happened to white detainees?

A

Psychologically tortured 

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93
Q

What happened to black detainees?

A

Physically tortured

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94
Q

When was Nelson Mandela captured by the police?

A

Months before the Rivonia raid, in August 1962

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95
Q

What was Nelson Mandela originally sentenced for?

A

Travelling outside South Africa without a passport

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96
Q

At the time of the Rivonia raid, how many months was Mandela imprisoned for?

A

Over eight months

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97
Q

How did the ANC use the child to win worldwide support and attention?

A

Mandela was growing and international reputation

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98
Q

How many people were accused at the Rivonia trial? 

A

11

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99
Q

When the defence case started against Rivonia who was the first defence witness?

A

Nelson Mandela

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100
Q

Who was the state prosecutor?

A

Dr Percy Yutar Had prepared to cross examine Mandela and break him down 

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101
Q

Why was Dr Percy shocked?

A

ANC lawyers announce at Mandela not give evidence but instead would make a statement from the doc

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102
Q

How many of the 11 accused were sentenced to life imprisonment?

A

Eight out of the 11 were sent to life imprisonment in June 1964 and was sent to prison on Robben Island

103
Q

Who was found not guilty at the Rivonia case?

A

Lionel Berstein, Bob Hepple and James Kantor - left country

104
Q

What happened to the organised resistance to apartheid after the Rivonia Trial?

A

It’s slow down as many of the anti-apartheid leaders were in jail or an exile

105
Q

What did the police do by 1964?

A

Succeeded in ruthlessly crushing always all of the internal resistance of the liberation movement

106
Q

How did South Africa become a police state? 

A

New repressive laws were passed which made South Africa a police state

107
Q

What was the new movement called which lead renewed resistance?

A

In the 1970s there was a new movement called Black Consciousness 

108
Q

Where did the black consciousness explode?

A

Soweto in 1976

109
Q

Define accused

A

The legal word which means a defendant in a criminal trial

110
Q

When did the Black Consciousness Movement begin?

A

During the 1970s

111
Q

Who led the BC?

A

Man from Eastern Cape - Steve Biki

112
Q

Who was Biko was inspired by?

A

Robert Sobukwe’s ideas

113
Q

What did the BC encourage all black people to do?

A

To recognise their human dignity and self worth

114
Q

What did the BC movement understand?

A

Black liberation were not only come from political changes but also from psychological changes

115
Q

Define psychological

A

Mental or emotional, as opposed to physical in nature

116
Q

What did they have to believe to take real power?

A

Believe in themselves and the value of their blackness

117
Q

What’s good white people offer any black consciousness movement?

A

Support for political change but could not lead or belong

118
Q

What had happened before the black conscious movement could truly become nonracial?

A

Black people first have to gain psychological, physical and political power for themselves

119
Q

What did the black South Africans include?

A

Indians and Collins

120
Q

Who was oppressed by the government? biko views

A

Non-whites

121
Q

When did the black consciousness movement spread from university campuses into black townships?

A

1970s

122
Q

Black consciousness was a movement, not an organisation. What does this mean?

A

People of different political parties supported its ideas

123
Q

When was Biko banned?

A

1973

124
Q

What did the banning of Biko mean?

A

He was not allowed to speak to more than one person at a time, was restricted to certain areas and could not make speeches in public

125
Q

What was it for bed and for other people to do when it came to Biko?

A

“Anything he said in speeches, conversations or mention him at all

126
Q

What a Biko and the black consciousness movement play a large role in?

A

Inspiring student leaders of the protest, which lead up to the Soweto uprising

127
Q

What happened on the morning of the 16th of June 1976?

A

20,000 schoolchildren in Soweto went on a protest march

128
Q

What were the children in Soweto protesting against?

A

Having to use Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in arithmetic and social studies at school

129
Q

Define medium of instruction

A

The language of teaching

130
Q

What was there a great deal about in 1976?

A

Disk content about the poor facilities in schools for black children

131
Q

What was it like in the schools for black children in 1976?

A

Shortage of classrooms and lack of qualified teachers

132
Q

What was the people to teacher Rachel in 1976?

A

70 people is to one teacher

133
Q

Who did the apartheid government spend more education on?

A

White children, 10 times

134
Q

What was the black peoples education known as?

A

Bantu education

135
Q

What was the role of the ANC and radio freedom?

A

Young people learnt about the ideas of the ANC by listening to shortwave radio broadcast on radio freedom

136
Q

Where was radio freedom podcast it from?

A

Tanzania

137
Q

When young people first learn about the ANC?

A

1970s

138
Q

Who was Angola and Mozambique rude by?

A

White rude Portuguese colonies

139
Q

When did the Portuguese colonies become independent countries?

A

1973 and 1974

140
Q

What is gave South Africa a sense of

A

Introduction of black majority rule in countries so close to South Africa’s borders

141
Q

What did the new government in Mozambique and Angola support?

A

Freedom struggle against apartheid in South Africa

142
Q

Who was detained in 1976

A

Zephaniah Mothopeng

143
Q

What was Zephaniah charge for?

A

15 years in jail in 1979, for trying to overthrow the government

144
Q

How old was Zephaniah?

A

66 years old

145
Q

What was Zephaniah charged with having?

A

Recruiting and sent me an out of the country for military training and being involved in the student and rest of 1976

146
Q

Who organise the PAC underground activities?

A

Zephaniah

147
Q

What was Tehobo Mashinini’s nickname?

A

Tsietsi

148
Q

Define Tsietsi

A

Trouble or problems in Sesotho

149
Q

When did Tehobo Mashinini’s become a student? Where did he become a student?

A

Morris Isaacson High

150
Q

Who was Tehobo Mashinini?

A

Excellent leader, passionate reader, hard-working student and the chairperson of the debating team

151
Q

Who taught Tehobo Mashinini?

A

Abram Onkgopotse Tiro

152
Q

Who was Tiro?

A

Black Consciousness leader - influenced Tehebo political thinking

153
Q

What happened on the 13th of June 1976?

A

500 to Soweto students met at the Orlando Donaldson community hall

154
Q

What did the 500 Soweto students discuss?

A

Ways to challenge their inferior Bantu education

155
Q

What type of March did the 500 students decide to do?

A

A peaceful march on the 16th of June against the introduction of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction

156
Q

Where was Teboho elected leader?

A

Student set up the Soweto student representative council

157
Q

What happened to him after the 16th of June?

A

He became the police is number one target for arrest

158
Q

Where did Teboho fled to?

A

Botswana

159
Q

What happened to Teboho in exile?

A

Died in the city of Conakry, Guinea in 1990 - month before due to come home

160
Q

What does Soweto stand for?

A

Southwest townships – lies to the south west of Johannesburg

161
Q

What was the weight of set up to be?

A

Set up by apartheid government for black South Africans to live in

162
Q

What did the Soweto March start of fast?

A

Peacefully

163
Q

What happened to the protesting students?

A

Police open fire

163
Q

What happened to the protesting students?

A

Police open fire

164
Q

Who was the first student to be shot by the police? Media

A

Hector Pieterson

165
Q

Who was the first student to be shot by the police? Actually

A

Hastings Ndlovu - 15 year old

166
Q

Why did Hastings name not become well known?

A

No switch off your face on the scene of the time of his death

167
Q

Who was photographs taken of?

A

Hector Pieterson after his shot

168
Q

Describe Hector’s photograph

A

Dying Hector, a 13-year-old boy from Orlando hi

169
Q

Who took the photo of Hector?

A

Sam Nzima

170
Q

What was the iconic photo of Hector?

A

The photo taken by Sam, his dead body

171
Q

What is an iconic image?

A

Symbolic

172
Q

What does Hectors photograph symbolise?

A

The whole liberation movement

173
Q

How many people died from Soweto?

A

176

174
Q

What happened within the next few months of Soweto?

A

Police had spread to 160 black townships all over South Africa

175
Q

When did the apartheid government increased?

A

After Soweto

176
Q

What replaced Suppression of Communism Act?

A

Amendment Act

177
Q

What did Amendment Act do?

A

Gave more powers to the Minister of Justice - included declaration of unlawful organisations, prohibition of attendance at gatherings, restriction of persons, detention of persons in custody and witness

178
Q

When was Biko arrested again?

A

1977

179
Q

How long was Biko arrested until his death?

A

Eighteen days

180
Q

According to the officer what happened to Biko?

A

There was a scuffle, head hit wall

181
Q

What actually happened to Biko?

A

He was brutally tortured

182
Q

What did his death cause?

A

Worldwide outcry and he became a matyr and symbol of resistance

183
Q

Where did the resistance against apartheid increase?

A

Inside and outside South Africa – so did the government repression

184
Q

How many students left the country and went into exile?

A

14,000

185
Q

What weakend the BC movement?

A

The Soweto uprising in 1976 and Biko’s death

186
Q

What happened to many BC supporters?

A

They went into exile

187
Q

What was the largest of the movement fighting for majority rule in South Africa?

A

MK

188
Q

Into the majority of the BC people join?

A

Join the ANC and trained as soldiers for MK

189
Q

Define APLA

A

Azanian People’s liberation Army

190
Q

When and why did the apartheid government make small changes to the laws?

A

In the 1980s they made small changes because they wanted to try stop black resentment

191
Q

What did you apartheid government introduced?

A

A number of gradual reforms in the hope of controlling and stopping the unrest

192
Q

What were new words used for?

A

Old racist policies

193
Q

What did the government give to the bantustans?

A

Independence

194
Q

Give me independence to the battery stands, what is the government think they would do you?

A

Hoped to create a group of black leaders in the bank you stand he would be loyal to the government

195
Q

What happened in business?

A

Attempt to create black middle-class which would after black people an opportunity for wealth and comfort

196
Q

The African trade union to recognise, what does this mean?

A

They can now fight legally for the right of black workers

197
Q

What Parliamentary system was introduced?

A

Tricameral parliament

198
Q

What did the Tricameral parliament create?

A

Three chambers

199
Q

Who were able to vote?

A

White, Indians, Coloureds - different chamber

200
Q

Why weren’t black people allowed to vote?

A

Expected to be citizens of the bantustans and we still refused the right to vote

201
Q

When did the unrest that started with Soweto deepen?

A

1980s

202
Q

What was formed to protest against the Tricameral Parliament?

A

The United Democratic Front (UDF)

203
Q

What was the UDF?

A

Non-racial alliance of local and community organisations

204
Q

Why did the government introduce a policy of repression?

A

hope of stamping out all resistance to its laws

205
Q

How did the government stop resistance?

A

army and police

206
Q

Define collaborators

A

someone who assist the enemy

207
Q

What happened to collaborators?

A

Killed

208
Q

What happened to anti-apartheid organisations?

A

Banned and leaders imprisoned

209
Q

What happened to detainees?

A

Tortured and many died

210
Q

What did the government claim happened to detainees?

A

Suicide or strange accidents - falling down stairs/windows

211
Q

What happened to police when State of Emergency happened?

A

Given wide powers

212
Q

What intensified anger of black people?

A

Townships were patrolled by police

213
Q

What did the ANC in exile do?

A

Make townships ungovernable

214
Q

What did the youth take to streets?

A

Protesting against local township councils and presence of troops

215
Q

What did the international community put pressure on the government with?

A

Trade sanctions

216
Q

Define sanctions

A

The practice of not trading with a country that has unjust system of government

217
Q

What happened between 1970 and 1984?

A

Foreign investments dropped by 30%

218
Q

Define foreign investments

A

Countries overseas buy or funds business in South Africa

219
Q

What sold its assets to South Africa?

A

Barclays Bank

220
Q

What did attempting to isolate it from the rest of the world do?

A

International anti-apartheid groups put more pressure on the South African government

221
Q

What did protest action lead to?

A

Exclusion of South Africa from the Olympic a participation and international sport

222
Q

What type of boycotts were there?

A

Consumer boycotts, academic and cultural boycott

223
Q

Define boycott

A

The decision not to participate in something

224
Q

What happened to musicians?

A

Encourage you not to perform in South Africa

225
Q

Who became the worlds only superpower?

A

America

226
Q

Did the National party support communism?

A

Strongly anti-Communist

227
Q

What did the National party label communism as?

A

Anyone who disagreed with a brutal system

228
Q

How did the National party justify the actions?

A

Calling them Communist people

229
Q

Why couldn’t the National party justify the actions anymore?

A

There was a collapse of communism in the USSR

230
Q

What did the USA and the USSR compete for?

A

Influence in Africa

231
Q

What did the independent ex-colonies in Africa get?

A

Military and economic support from one of the superpowers

232
Q

Why did America and British governments not put much pressure on the apartheid state?

A

They were opposed to communism

233
Q

What did the British and American government say about apartheid?

A

Criticise apartheid, there is a flood arms to the government

234
Q

What did the ANC rely on the Soviet union for?

A

Economic and military support

235
Q

What happened to the president PW Botha in 1989?

A

Had a mild stroke

236
Q

Why was PW forced to resign?

A

Dissatisfaction in the National party about his leadership

237
Q

Who replaced PW Botha?

A

FW de. Klerk

238
Q

How did FW de Klerk back think there was a solution to the conflict?

A

Possible to reach a political solution

239
Q

Why did many big businesses support the idea of a political solution?

A

Suffering from regular strike action and economic sanctions

240
Q

When did south Africa stand on the brink of a civil war?

A

End of 1980s

241
Q

Why was there a deadlock between the government and townships?

A

Townships could not overthrow government. Government could not crush resistance movements

242
Q

When and who unbanned the ANC, PAC, South African Communist Party?

A

1989 - President FW de Klerk - last apartheid head of state

243
Q

How long was Nelson Mandela in prison?

A

27 years

244
Q

What did Nelson Mandela help with?

A

Peaceful end to apartheid

245
Q

What of Mandela inspired people?

A

Leadership

246
Q

What did the National party enter?

A

Negotiations with the ANC and other political parties

247
Q

What happened while the negotiations were taking place?

A

Violence spread throughout the country

248
Q

What did the violence threaten?

A

To destroy the negotiations process

249
Q

Who was fighting the ANC?

A

Supporters of Inkatha - Zulu ethnic movement

250
Q

Why did the government encourage black on black violence?

A

Hope to make negotiations fail + create distrust

251
Q

What did the ANC and National Party agree on?

A

To hold an election for democratic parliament

252
Q

When did the first democratic election take place?

A

April 1994

History (12 decks)

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