World History to 1350 CE Flashcards
The ages in order - 3
Stone age: Split into Paleolithic and Neolithic. Paleo being hunter and gatherer and Neolithic being Agricultural movement. (2mil - 10,000 BCE)
Bronze Age: First civilizations. First writing systems. Mesopotamia. 3100-1200 BCE
Iron age: 500 BCE - 800 CE
Sumerian Civilization (named for city of Sumer) - 7
ca. 4,000 - 1750 BCE
First writing, Cuneiform
Created the Epic of Gilgamesh
The wheel (circa 3500 BCE)
Ships used for trade and travel
Complex economy
Ziggurats (the Great Ziggurat of Ur)
Akkadian Empire (named for city of Akkad)
ca. 2350 - 2150 BCE
First Empire created by king Sargon
Early Semitic language
Babylonian
1894 BCE - 1531 BCE and again from 626 - 539 BCE
Hammurabi’s Code of laws is one of the earliest significant writings and the first known code of laws.
Assyrian Empire (named for city of Asur)
ca. 900 BCE - 600 BCE
War-related technologies: cavalry, siege warfare, iron weapons
Assyria is known for its aggressive policies of expansion. Assyrian religion was centered on conquest and expansion of power and influence.
Hittite Civilization
1650 BCE - 1190 BCE
Major developments in iron-working and chariot warfare
Bronze Age
A historical period characterized by the use of bronze which changed society by making farming easier. (3300 BCE-1200 BCE)
Hammurabi
Babylonian king who expanded Babylon and united southern Mesopotamia, reigned from 1792 to 1750 BCE
Holocene Epoch
current geologic time period of humankind
Mongols
Nomadic desert people from Mongolia. They migrated on horseback and conquered the land from China to Eastern Europe including Russia and Persia.
Julius Caesar
A general and politician of the Roman Republic who made himself consul and dictator who began Rome’s move from a republic to an empire. Assassinated by a group of senators who were pro-republic.
Phoenicians
Developed an alphabet that became the model for the Greek and Latin alphabets.
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that overthrew the Mongols and created the Great Wall and the Forbidden City
English Renaissance Period
era of English literature situated during the reign of Elizabeth I, famous for drama (plays) and a focus on human character (1550-1660)
Literature: Hamlet (and the rest of Shakespeare’s works), Dr. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe
Acropolis
An ancient citadel on a high hill of Athens, Greece, which contains the remains of several ancient buildings including the Parthenon, a temple dedicated to the deity Athena.
Direct democracy
A system of government in which all eligible citizens can vote on every issue
Ancient Greeks
Augustus Caesar
The first Roman emperor, ruled after Julius Caesar was assassinated
Place in order with years please
Dark ages
Enlightenment
Hellenistic
Roman
The renaissance
Middle ages
Hellenistic = 329-30
Roman = 30-476
Dark ages = 476-1060
Middle ages = 476-1453
The renaissance = 1300-1600
Enlightenment = 1685-1815
Peloponnesian War
a conflict between the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta fought between 431 and 404 BCE. Sparta won the war and became the most powerful city-state in Greece.
Alexander The Great
Greek military leader and king who conquered the Persian kingdom and spread Hellenistic culture (greek culture) throughout the known world
Sophocles
Greek. A playwright of dramas and comedies still performed today
Golden Age of Greece
A time in ancient Greece (around 450 BCE), centered around Athens in which there was no war and the arts and architecture thrived.
Paleolithic Era
the period during which humans evolved and engaged in nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyles (roughly 2 million years ago - roughly 10,000 BCE)
Sumerians
Earliest known civilization in southern Mesopotamia
Constantine
Emperor of Rome (306 - 337 CE); legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire
Caliphate
an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph
the Umayyad Caliphate extended Islam into Europe
Hieroglyphics
A form of picture writing on papyrus developed around 3300 BCE by the Egyptians.
Eratosthenes
Greek mathematician and geographer who founded the science of geography and accurately calculated Earth’s size
Manor
Unit of land, originally a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord’s lands and other lands rented to tenants.
Siddhartha Gautama
The first buddha, founder of the Buddhist religion
the split of the Catholic Church into the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
Great Schism
Normans
a people from France who invaded Great Britain in 1066 CE
William The Conqueror
Leader of the Normans, conquered Great Britain in 1066
Punic Wars
A series of three wars by the Romans against the Phoenicians for dominance of the Mediterranean Sea. (264-146 BCE)
Constantinople
the capital of the Byzantine Empire, captured by the Ottoman army in 1453
Genghis Khan
A Mongolian-born military leader who created the largest empire in the world by destroying individual tribes in Northeast Asia, and then uniting them under his rule; called the Mongol Empire. (1206 – 1227)
Neolithic Era
began with the introduction of agriculture, sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, which prompted the switch from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles, allowing for the development of permanent settlements and, eventually, the dawn of civilization
Aristotle (Historical Significance)
Greek. Pupil of Plato; influenced philosophers from the Renaissance to today; personal tutor of Alexander the Great
Xia Dynasty
Oldest chinese dynasty (2070 BCE to 1600 BCE)
Harappan Civilization
The first civilization in India; located in the Indus River Valley
Kingdom of Kush`
An ancient kingdom in Nubia, located in the southern Egyptian Nile Valley.
Julius Caesar
A general and politician of the Roman Republic who made himself consul and dictator who began Rome’s move from a republic to an empire. Assassinated by a group of senators who were pro-republic.
Phoenicians
Developed an alphabet that became the model for the Greek and Latin alphabets.
Confucianism
a system of beliefs that focus on the ethical obligation of individuals and the philosophy of how an individual should live
Euclid
Greek. “Father of Geometry”
Ren
The central principle of Confucianism: “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.”
Yellow River
The birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations. Also called “Mother River” and the “Cradle of Chinese Civilization”
Thucydides
Greek. Authored accounts about the Peloponnesian War and the battles between Athens and Sparta
Charlemagne / Charles The Great
Ruler of Western Europe and strived to unite Germanic countries and convert them to Christianity, typically through military force.
Irrigation
The process of moving water from rivers, streams, and aquifers onto drier areas
Middle Ages / Medieval Period
A period in Europe after the Fall of Rome and up to the Fall of Constantinople (476 CE to 1453 CE). Characterized by Kings controlling territories or smaller empires than what Rome had been. Includes the Black Death.
Mongols
Nomadic desert people from Mongolia. They migrated on horseback and conquered the land from China to Eastern Europe including Russia and Persia.
Division of The Roman Empire
Divided by the Emperor Diocletian into the Eastern and Western Empires (285 CE)
Taika Reforms
reforms in ancient Japan including ending private ownership of land
Edict of Thessalonica (380 CE)
Edict passed by Roman Emperor Theodosius in 380 CE; made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Pericles
The leader of Greece during its Golden Age
Cyrus the Great
founder of the Persian Empire
Pharaoh Menes
The pharaoh who unified Upper and Lower Egypt in 3150 BCE, which solidified the Egyptian Empire.
Dark Ages
the first part of the Middle Ages (476 CE to 1050 CE); this period began with the fall of Rome and a decline of Western civilization. Some historians feel this term misrepresents the era and should be phased out of use.
The Hebrew civilization originally developed in the area sometimes called:
a
Babylon.
b
the Kingdom of Kush.
c
Canaan.
d
Assyria.
c
Canaan.
Option c is the correct answer.
Explanation:
The area along the Mediterranean coast that is now Israel and Palestine was once known as Canaan and was the location of the Ancient Hebrew civilization.
Which of the following provided the greatest impetus for the development of skilled trades?
a
the growth of maritime trade routes connecting distant civilizations
b
agricultural innovations that decreased the demand for human labor
c
the rise of nomadic societies that required versatile craftsmanship
d
the spread of contagious diseases that necessitated specialized medical skills
Option b is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Agricultural innovations increased the efficiency of many farming processes, leading to a surplus of food production. This allowed some members of societies to shift away from direct agricultural work and focus on developing and honing skills unrelated to food production.
Which of the following was an unintended effect of the Crusades?
a
the invention of crossbows
b
the invention of gunpowder
c
expansion of Christianity
d
increased trade with Asia
correct
Option d is the correct answer.
Explanation:
The crusades created a demand for Asian goods in Europe.
What is the most important consequence of the European crusades that sought to reclaim the Holy Lands in the name of Christendom?
a
reinforced the military strength of Byzantium
b
reclaimed the city of Jerusalem and made it safe for Christians to pilgrimage there
c
established trade with Asia
d
established the authority of the Roman Catholic Church
correct
Option c is the correct answer.
Explanation:
The Crusades led to an established trade with Europe and Asia. This trade led to the knowledge of Ancient Greece and Rome to be reintroduced to Europe through Arab traders, igniting the Renaissance and Age of Exploration.
Which of the following best describes the importance of the Kingdom of Kush’s location along the Nile?
a
It enabled them to create trade routes within their kingdom, and also throughout northeastern Africa.
b
It helped fortify the Kush against enemies.
c
Unpredictable flooding made farming difficult and increased their need for trade.
d
It served as a natural border for their kingdom.
correct
Option a is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Their location along the Nile enabled them to create trade routes within their kingdom and also throughout northeastern Africa. In a sense, they were trade “middlemen,” as they traded with Egypt, who in turn traded with Mediterranean peoples.
