Foundations Flashcards
13th Amendment and year
(1865) - No slavery
14th Amendment and year
(1868) - Due process and citizen rights of former slaves
Any individual born in the United States is a United States citizen and is guaranteed equal protection and due process, the legal obligation of the government to respect an individual’s legal rights.
15th Amendment and year
(1870) - Voting power
Protects the voting power of (male) citizens. This was passed to allow Black males to vote. Many southern states were refusing to allow Black citizens to vote in elections.
16th Amendment and year
(1913) - Income tax
Allows for the income tax. The first income taxed was meant to be .5% of the wealthiest Americans’ income. After six years, the top tax bracket was 73%, and extended to multiple income brackets.
17th Amendment and year
(1913) - Direct election of senators
This amendment is one of the most important amendments ever passed. Before the 17th Amendment, state legislatures chose their senators. They were elected to protect the states’ rights and powers. Senators served one to two terms due to changing politics in each state.
18th Amendment and year
(1919) - Prohibition of alcohol
Temperance movements had been working for almost 80 years to restrict access to alcohol because of the impact it had on family life, productivity, and poverty.
19th Amendment and year
(1920) - Women can vote (women’s suffrage)
This immediately doubled the size of the electorate, leading to many advances in women-approved legislation.
21st Amendment and year
(1933) - Repealed prohibition of alcohol
Response to a dramatic rise in organized crime and the black market, as well as the financial realities of the Great Depression. The 18th Amendment was the only amendment repealed to date.
24th Amendment and year
(1964) - Poll tax abolished
The poll tax was established to prevent many blacks from voting because blacks were typically poor and could not afford the tax. This was a racist practice with the intent to discriminate against blacks and the poor.
26th Amendment and year
(1971) - Changed the voting age to 18
Before this amendment, the voting age was 21 while the draft age was 18. The public resented the fact a man could be drafted for military service but could not vote.
Marbury v. Madison
1803: Established Judicial Review, which allows the Supreme Court to rule a law unconstitutional and void the law
Hammurabi’s Code
Early regulation of society with a basic outline that presumes innocence and follows “eye for an eye”
Social Contract Theory
According to Locke, an agreement between citizens and their ruler in which the ruler derives his power from his subjects.
Aristocracy
form of oligarchy in which the nobility have power and control
Voluntary Exchange
Goods are produced and consumed without government intervention
Due Process Rights / Assurances
The legal obligation of the government to respect an individual’s legal rights, guaranteed by the 5th and 14th amendments.
the rights of parents of students with disabilities to agree or disagree with student services, change of placement or behavior plans
Constitutional Monarchy
Governmental system in which a country is ruled by a monarch who is limited in power by a constitution.
Brown v. Board of Education
1954: The Supreme Court ruled in this case that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional; this overturned the finding in Plessy v. Ferguson
Model Parliament
Britain’s first elected legislative body whose purpose was to tax the wealthy landowners and create laws, formed in 1295
Theocracy
a government run by religious officials who enforce religious principles
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was run by a system resembling a representative theocracy.
Karl Marx
theorist known for writing The Communist Manifesto and advocating for the overthrow of capitalist governments in favor of a classless society
Friedrich Engels
a German economic and political philosopher and a prominent critic of capitalism who, together with Karl Marx, authored The Communist Manifesto
Direct Democracy
A system of government in which all eligible citizens can vote on every issue
Ancient Greeks
Glorious Revolution
A revolution against James II of England and his absolute rule; also called the Bloodless Revolution. Paved the way for the creation of the English Bill of Rights and a constitutional monarchy. (1688)
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896: The Supreme Court ruled in this case that racial segregation for public facilities was constitutional, as long as they were “separate but equal.”
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Passed in an attempt to eliminated legal barriers to voting. Following Bloody Sunday, President Lyndon Johnson sent a voting rights bill to Congress. It provided for direct federal intervention to enable African Americans to register and vote and banned tactics long designed to keep them from the polls.
Socialism
an economic system in which the means of production are owned by the people, represented by the government. The government often also provides many social services to the population to achieve equality.
Soviet Union
John Locke
Political philosopher who advocated the social contract theory and a limited monarchy. Encouraged people to rebel if their monarch didn’t protect their natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
Advocated that a ruler rules with the consent of the governed
