Worksheet Questions Flashcards
What two things make up the CNS?
brain and spinal cord
What are the two subsystems of the PNS?
Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems
What are the two subsystems of the ANS?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems
which nervous system:
uses beta 1 and 2 receptors
Sympathetic
which nervous system:
decreases heart rate
Parasympathetic
which nervous system:
decreases GI motility
Sympathetic
which nervous system:
Uses nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Parasympathetic
which nervous system:
Also called the adrenergic system.
Sympathetic
which nervous system:
Uses primarily acetylcholine for a neurotransmitter
Parasympathetic
which nervous system:
increases heart rate and respirations
Sympathetic
which nervous system:
Associated with the fight or flight response
Sympathetic
which nervous system:
Also called the cholinergic system
Parasympathetic
which nervous system:
Uses catecholamines for neurotransmitters
Sympathetic
which nervous system:
Uses alpha 1 & 2 receptors
Sympathetic
which nervous system:
increases GI motility
Parasympathetic
List the four basic mechanisms by which drugs affect the ANS.
- Mimic neurotransmitters
- Block the release of neurotransmitters
- Block the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors
- Interfere with the breakdown or reuptake of neurotransmitters to the synapse
List the four basic categories of ANS drugs we discussed.
Parasympathomimetic (Cholinergic)
Sympathomimetic (Adrenergic)
Anticholinergic
Adrenergic Blockers
What kind of drug is bethanechol? What is it used for?
Parasympathomimetic/Cholinergic drug used for treating urinary retention by causing the bladder to contract and allowing urine to be passed.
What kind of drug is phenylpropanolamine? What is it used for?
Sympathomimetic/Adrenergic drug used for treating urinary incontinence by making the urethral sphincter tone increased so urine can’t be leaked.
What is the first line drug used to treat status epilepticus in dogs?
Diazepam (benzodiazepine tranquilizer)
What routes can Diazepam being given
oral tablet
oral solution
rectal gel
IV
What is the trade name of Diazepam
Valium
What effect does Diazepam have especially on cats
Great appetite stimulant for cats! Only takes a tiny dose via IV and then have the food ready to go.
What category of drug is xylazine?
alpha 2 agonist
what is xylazine used for
Sedative and Analgesic but is also great as an emetic (will induce vomiting), can be used in combo with opioid to cut the dosage needed and side effects
what is unique about using xylazine in cattle compared to horses
Extremely potent in cattle – only takes 1/10 of the equine dose
what drug reverses xylazine
yohimbine
In the phenothiazine family, _______ is primarily used as a tranquilizer whereas ________is used as an anti-emetic.
acepromazine
chlorpromazine
What does it mean when we say a drug is an expectorant?
a drug that can help the expulsion of respiratory secretions
which drug is used as an expectorant and an induction agent in horses
Guaifenesin
how is guaifenesin given to horses if used for induction
injection
What is the name for the active ingredient in Dexdomitor?
Dexmedetomidine
What drug reverses dexdomitor (trade and generic)
Antisedan, atipamezole
If a dog is given 0.4cc of Dexdomitor IV, how much (in ml) is his dose of reversal agent?
0.4 ml reversal (0.4 cc = 0.4 ml)
5 examples of subtle signs in a patient
Restlessness or unsettled
Abnormal aggression
Whining or crying
Not wanting to do normal activities like going outside to go potty
Panting
Enzyme that promotes the formation of Prostaglandin, associated with tissue trauma and inflammation.
Cyclooxygenase - 2
A mediator (generator) in inflammation, converted by COX-2 enzymes
Prostaglandin
Beginning pain management before the pain actually happens.
preemptive pain management
When the injured area becomes more sensitive and the threshold is lowered for stimulus to that area.
wind up pain
name brand: carprofen
Rimadyl
name brand: firocoxib
Previcox
name brand: acetylsalicyclic acid
Aspirin
name brand: meloxicam
Metacam
name brand: etodolac
EtoGesic
name brand: robenacoxib
Onsior
name brand: acetaminophen
Tylenol
name brand: flunixin meglumate
Banamine
name brand: tepoxalin
Zubrin
name brand: deracoxib
Deramaxx
Phenylbutazone comes in many oral preparations as well as a parenteral form labeled for IV use only. What happens if you give it perivascularly (or IM or SQ)?
It will cause severe tissue necrosis and/or sloughing.
Name 4 potential side effects of NSAIDS? (General categories)
GI ulceration and bleeding
Prevents cartilage metabolism
Suppresses bone marrow
Inhibits platelet aggregation
What is the name of the disease that results when a patient receives too many exogenous steroids? How is it treated?
Hyperadrenocorticism > Cushing’s disease
Slowly taper the patient off of the steroid and the Cushing’s should resolve.
relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
iatrogenic
List 2 main side effects of prednisone usage you should warn clients to expect every time it is prescribed.
Increased thirst (polydipsia) and therefore increased amounts (polyuria)/frequency of urination
Increased hunger (polyphagia) – but do not provide extra food to avoid weight gain
Besides analgesia, Butorphanol and hydrocodone are also used for which additional purpose?
antitussive
What are the three drugs in the CRI preparation known as MLK?
Morphine
Lidocaine
Ketamine
two drugs that can be used at the site of transduction
Rimadyl
Metacam
two drugs that can be used at the site of transmission
lidocaine
xylazine
two drugs that can be used at the site of modulation
morphine
ketamine
two drugs that can be used at the site of perception
butorphanol
sedivet
