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COG PSY 200 > Working & Short Term Memory (CH 5) > Flashcards

Working & Short Term Memory (CH 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Memory?

A

-Process involved in retaining, retrieving & using info about stimuli, images, events, ideas, skills after info is not longer present

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2
Q

What is Long Term Memory?

A
  • Storing info for long periods of time

- LTM can extend from minutes to a lifetime

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3
Q

What are the different types of Long Term Memories?

A
  • Episodic= memories of past experiences
  • Procedural= how to do things/ involve muscle coordination
  • Semantic= facts
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4
Q

Why is Sensory Memory useful?

A
  • Helps us when we’re watching movies
  • How much info we take in immediately
  • How much info remains .5 sec later
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5
Q

Why is Short-Term Memory useful?

A

-It’s everything you know/ think about each moment in time

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6
Q

What is the Modal Model of Memory?

A
  • Dynamic processes associated w/ structural features= can be controlled by a person & may differ from task to task
  • Proposed 3 types of memory= Structural Features
  • Process of input transforming into LTM
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7
Q

What are the 3 Structural Features of the Modal Model of Memory?

A
  • Sensory=Inital stage that hold incoming info for secs/ fractions of secs
  • Short Term= hold 5-9 items for 15-20 secs
  • Long Term= Large amount of info for years/ decades
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8
Q

What strategies are helpful for remembering info?

A
  • Rehearsal= Control process on STM

- Making stimulus relate to something you already know

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9
Q

What is Encoding?

A

-Process of storing info in LTM

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10
Q

What is Retrieval?

A

-Process of remembering info that is stored in LTM

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11
Q

What is Sensory Memory?

A

-Retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation

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12
Q

How are light trails from sparklers an example of Sensory Memory?

A
  • Retention of perception of light in the mind from a light trail of a sparkler
  • Persistance of Vision helps movies appear smoother by retaining image of previous frame to fill in the darkness between frames
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13
Q

What is Persistence of Vision?

A

-Continued perception of visual stimulus after it is no longer present

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14
Q

What was Sperling’s experiment focused on? (1960)

A
  • How much info people can take in from briefly presented stimuli
  • Flashed array of letters for 50ms & asked participants to report as many letters as possible
  • Experimented w/ 3 different report methods
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15
Q

What 4 conclusions did Sperling draw from his experiment?

A
  • Short lived memory registers all/ most info that hits our visual receptors
  • Info decays in less than a sec
  • Brief Sensory Memory= Iconic Memory/ Visual Icon corresponds to sensory memory stage
  • Sound persists in mind as Echoic Memory bc sound lasted few seconds in mind after letters were presented
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16
Q

What were the 3 report methods that Sperling used in his Experiment?

A
  • Whole report= Reporting letters
  • Partial report= Reporting letters in corresponding row that tone indicated (High tone= Highest row, etc)
  • Delayed Partial report= Delayed tone after letters were flashed
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17
Q

What is Short Term Memory?

A
  • System involved in storing small amounts of info for a brief period of time
  • Our window to the present
18
Q

How long does Short Memory last?

A

-15-20 secs or less

19
Q

How many ITEMS can be stored in Short Term Memory?

A
  • Range of 4-9

- Can be dependent on Digit Span, Change Detection, and Chunking

20
Q

What is Digit Span in Short Term Memory?

A
  • Number of digits a person can remember

- Average is 5-9

21
Q

What is Change Detection in Short Term Memory?

A
  • Set limit at 4 items
  • Experiment (Luck & Vogels) determining if 1st image of colorful squares is the same as the 2nd image of squares
  • Participants could only easily recognize if it was the same at a max of 4 squares shown
22
Q

What is Chunking in Short Term Memory?

A
  • Small units can be combined into larger, meaningful units
  • Defined as a collection of elements that are strongly associated w/ one another but weak w/ other element
  • Forming words into meaningful sentences increases memory span of 20+ words
23
Q

How much INFO can be held in Short Term Memory?

A
  • The greater amount info in an image, the fewer the items that can be held in visual short term memory
  • Alvarez & Cavanagh= shaded 3D cubes are more complex stimuli vs colored squares= participants had easier time to make judgement w/ simpler stimuli
24
Q

What is Working Memory?

A
  • Limited capacity system for temporary storage &; manipulation of info for complex tasks (comprehension, learning, reasoning)
  • Baddeley concluded that working memory must be dynamic & consist of 3 components that function separately
  • Crucial source of individual differences in reading span
25
Q

What are the 3 Components of the Working Memory?

A
  • Phonological Loop
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad
  • Central Executive
26
Q

What does the Phonological Loop component of Working Memory do?

A
  • Holds verbal & auditory info
  • Houses Phonological store= Limited capacity & only holds info for few secs
  • Houses Articulatory Rehearsal Process= responsible for rehearsal to keep items in Phonological store from decaying
27
Q

What does the Visuospatial Sketchpad component of the Working memory do?

A
  • Holds visual & spatial info

- Formin picture in your mind/ doing tasks like solving a puzzle

28
Q

What does the Central Executive component of the Working Memory do?

A
  • Pulls info from long term memory & coordinates the activity to the phonological loop &V.S sketchpad by focusing on specific parts of a task &deciding how to divide attention between tasks
  • Traffic cop of WMS
29
Q

What are 3 phenomena that support the idea that the P.L is specialized for language?

A
  • Phonological Similarity Effect
  • Word Length Effect
  • Articulatory Suppression
30
Q

What is the Phonological Similarity Effect?

A
  • one of the phenomena for phonological loop

- Confusion of letters that sound similar

31
Q

What is the Word Length Effect?

A
  • one of the phenomena for phonological loop

- Memory for lists of words is better for shorter words vs longer ones

32
Q

What is the Articulatory Suppression?

A
  • Repetition of irrelevant sounds reduces memory bc speaking interferes with rehearsal
  • Both short & long words are equally lost from phonological store
33
Q

What does Baddeley’s 3 component model explain?

A
  • Phonological similarity effect
  • Word length effect
  • Articulatory suppression
  • Mental Rotation
  • How inference affects operation of Visuospatial sketchpad
34
Q

What was the new component added to the original 3 component model?

A

-Episodic buffer! which can store info (providing extra capacity) & is connected to LTM which makes the interchange between LTM & WM possible

35
Q

What are the effects of damage to Pre fontal Lobe?

A

-Causes problems in controlling attention (important function of central executive)

36
Q

What causes Object Permeance in infants?

A

-Their prefrontal cortex is still immature until 8mos

37
Q

What are the important characteristics of memory?

A

-Delaying & waiting

38
Q

What is true about neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex?

A

-Neurons responded only to where the square flashed in a particular location & these neurons continued responding during delay

39
Q

What is the Neural Dynamics of Working Memory?

A
  • Idea that info can be held in WM by neural activity that continues across time gap
  • Fits w/ the idea that neural firing transmits info in nervous system
  • W.M involved interplay between different areas of the brain
40
Q

What is Cognitive Control?

A

-Set of functions which allow people to regulate their behavior & attentional resources & to resist temptation to give into impulses

COG PSY 200 (12 decks)

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