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COG PSY 200 > Cognitive Neuroscience (CH 2) > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience (CH 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

-Study of the physiological basis of cognition

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2
Q

What are Veters?

A

-The idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways w/ each approach contributing to its own dimension & understanding

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3
Q

What are the processes for Perception?

A

-Chemical Processes–>Neurons activated–> Brain Structures activated–> Groups of Brain Structures activated–>Perception

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4
Q

What are the processes Memory?

A

-Chemical Processes–>Neuron activated–> Brain Storage–> Storage Activated–> Memory

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5
Q

What are Nerve Nets?

A

-Interconnected complex pathway for conducting signals uninterrupted through a network

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6
Q

What is Neuron Doctrine?

A

-The idea that individual cells transmit signals to nervous system & are not continuous

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7
Q

What is the Soma?

A
  • Cell body

- The metabolic center of a neuron=keeps cell alive

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8
Q

What are Dendrites?

A

-Receive signals from other neurons

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9
Q

What are Axons/Nerve Fibers?

A

-Long process that transmits signals to other neurons

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10
Q

What are Cajal’s 3 Conclusion about Neurons?

A
  • Synapse= gap between a neuron’s axon & the dendrites of another neuron
  • Neural Circuits= Neuron’s forming connection w/ specific neurons
  • Receptors= Neuron’s specialized in picking up info from environment
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11
Q

What was Edgar Adrian (1920s) famous for?

A
  • Record electrical signals from Single Sensory Neuron

- Used Microelectrodes (small shaft of hollow glass w/ conductive salt solution)

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12
Q

What did Edgar Adrian discover?

A
  • Used 2 electrodes. 1 inside neuron & the other for reference that located far away
  • When axon is at rest, Resting Potential= -70mV
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13
Q

What is a Nerve Impulse?

A

-Transmitted down axon when receptor is stimulated

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14
Q

What is Action Potential?

A
  • When the charge of inside axon rise to +40mV
  • Transmitters are then released when hits the dendrites
  • Applying more pressure= increased firing rate
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15
Q

What is the Principle of Neural Representation?

A
  • Everything a person experiences= based on representation in the person’s nervous system
  • Neurons at higher levels of the visual system fire to complex stimuli like geometrical patterns & faces
  • Specific stimuli causes neural firing that is distributed across many areas of cortex
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16
Q

What are Hubel & Wiesas famous for?

A

-Presented visual stimuli to cats & determined which stimuli caused specific neurons to fire

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17
Q

What did Hubel & Wiesas discover?

A
  • Each neuron in visual area of the cortex responded to a specific type of stimulation presented to a small area of Retina
  • Features Detectors= Responded to orientation, movement, length
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18
Q

What is Experience-Dependent Plasticity?

A
  • Structure of brain is changed by experience
  • Rearing kittens in an enviornment w/ only vertical lines= Visual Cortex reshaped so it contained neurons that responded to vertical lines and non responded to horizontal lines
  • Supports idea that that perception is determined by neurons that fire to specific qualities of a stimulus
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19
Q

What was Gross famous for?

A

-Study response of neurons in Temporal Lobe of the monkey’s cortex

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20
Q

What did Gross Discover?

A
  • Neurons in the Temporal Lobe started firing when shadow of hand was being tested
  • Other areas of the Temporal Lobe responded to faces
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21
Q

What is Hierarchial Processing in Visual Cortex?

A
  • Simpler stimuli send axons to higher levels of the Visual System
  • Then those signal of neurons combine & interact to see geo patterns
  • then they send signal to higher areas for response to faces
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22
Q

What is Sensory Coding?

A

-How neurons represent various characteristics of the enviornment

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23
Q

What is Specificity Coding?

A

-Object could be represented by firing of a specialized neuron that responds ONLY TO THAT OBJECT

24
Q

What is the alternate idea of Specificity coding?

A

-Number of neurons are involved in representing an object

25
Q

What is Population Coding?

A
  • Representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing large number of neurons
  • Large # of stimuli can be represented bc large groups of neurons can create hella different patterns
26
Q

What is Sparse Coding?

A
  • Particular object is represented by a pattern of a small group of neurons w/ the majority being silent
  • Particular neuron can respond to more than 1 stimuli
27
Q

What is Localization of Function?

A
  • Specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain
  • Many functions are served by Cerebral Cortex= layer 3mm= covers brain
  • Other functions are served by Subcortical Areas=located below cortex
28
Q

What is Cortical Equipotemality?

A

-Belief in 1800s that brain operated as indivisible whole

29
Q

What is Broca’s area and Broca’s Aphasia?

A
  • Damage in the Frontal Lobe= caused patients to have labored, ungrammatical sentences
  • Broca’s Aphasia= patients w/ damaged language production
30
Q

What is Wernicke’s Area and Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A
  • Damage in Temporal Lobe

- Wernicke’s Aphasia= patients w/ incoherent speech w/ good grammatical structure & were unable to comprehend others

31
Q

What happens when there’s damage to Occipital Lobe?

A
  • Blindness
  • A connection between area of Occipital Lobe that was damaged & place in the visual space where person was blind
  • EX= Damage to left part of occipital lobe= area of blindness was in the upper right part of visual space
32
Q

How does the Auditory Cortex work?

A
  • Receives signals from ears

- Located in Upper Temporal Lobe= ears

33
Q

How does the Somatosensory Cortex work?

A
  • Receive signals from skin= touch, pain, pressure

- Located in Partietal Lobe

34
Q

How does the Frontal Lobe work?

A
  • Receives signals from all senses

- Responsible for coordination of the senses, thinking, & problem solving

35
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A
  • Inability to recognize faces

- Caused by damaged to the Temporal Lobe in the lower right side

36
Q

What is Double Dissociation?

A
  • When damage to one area caused Function A to be present but Function B to absent
  • When damage to another area caused function A to be absent but Function B to be present
37
Q

What is Tsao & coworkers famous for?

A

-Recording single neurons= determining the localization of function

38
Q

How did Tsao & Coworkers make their discovery? & what did they Conclude?

A
  • Recording in the lower part of the monkey’s Temporal Lobe when responding to different shapes/ stimuli
  • Found that 97% of neurons within the small area of the lower part of the temporal lobe responded to picture of faces & not other objects
  • Supported by brain imaging
39
Q

How does fMRI work?

A
  • Takes advantage that neural activity causes brain to bring in more O2
  • This O2 binds to hemoglobin molecules in the blood which increases magnetic properties of hemoglobin= increases fMRI signal
40
Q

What are Voxels?

A

-Small units of 2-3mm of analysis created by the fMRI

41
Q

What is Task Related fMRI?

A

-Change in brain activity that’s linked specifically to task

42
Q

What is the Fusiform Face Area? (FFA)

A
  • Face area located at Fusiform Gyrus on the underside of temporal lobe
  • This is the same part of the brain that is damaged in prosopagnosia cases
43
Q

What is the Parahippocampal Place Area & how is it activated?

A
  • Area that is activated when perceiving pictures of outdoor & indoor scenes
  • Spatial layout is important bc there’s an increase in activation when viewing empty & fully furnished rooms
44
Q

What is the Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) & how is it activated?

A

-Activated by pictures of body parts and bodies

45
Q

What is the Central Principle of Cognition?

A
  • Most of our experience is Multidimensional

- Different areas respond to different features of humans

46
Q

What is Distributed Representation?

A

-Looking at something, thinking/remembering activates hella and sometimes widely separated areas of the brain

47
Q

What are Episodic Memories?

A

-Events that happened in your life

48
Q

What are Semantic Memories?

A

-Facts

49
Q

What is the 1st Path in Language Processing?

A

-Involved w/ processing sounds, productions of speech, & saying words

50
Q

What is the 2nd Path in Language Processing?

A

-Understanding sentences

51
Q

What are Neural Networks?

A
  • Interconnected areas of the brain that communicates with each other
  • 4 principles
52
Q

What are the 4 Principles of Neural Networks?

A
  • Complex structural pathways= information highway
  • Within these pathways are functional pathways that serve different functions
  • Operate dynamically
  • During the Resting state of brain activity, parts of the brain are active all the time even when there’s no cognitive activity
53
Q

How is the brains “Wiring Diagram” created?

A

-Nerve axons connecting to different areas of the brain

54
Q

What is Track Weighted Imaging? (TWI)

A
  • Based on detection on how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers
  • Connectome= structural description of the network of elements & connecting forming the brain
55
Q

What is Functional Connectivity?

A

-Different parts of the brain’s neural networks are involved in carrying out different cognitive or motor tasks

56
Q

How can Functional Connectivity be measured?

A
  • Measuring the extent to which neural activity in 2 brain areas are correlated
  • Method is using Resting State fMRI= measuring when not performing cognitive tasks
  • Another method is measuring task-related fMRI at seed & test locations & determining the correlation
  • 2 areas that are functionally connected DOES NOT MEAN that they directly communicate by neural pathways
57
Q

What is the Default Mode Network? (DMN)

A
  • Network of structures that respond when a person is not involved in specific tasks= mod of brain function that occurs at rest
  • Presentation of a task caused decrease in some areas vs stopping a task caused an increase in the same areas
  • Areas in Frontal & Parietal lobes decrease activity during tasks

COG PSY 200 (12 decks)

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