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COG PSY 200 > Attention (CH 4) > Flashcards

Attention (CH 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention?

A
  • Based on Early Selection
  • Explained results of experiment of Colin Cherry (1953)= resulted in Cocktail Party effect
  • System= Messages –> Sensory Memory –> filter –> detector –> memory
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2
Q

how did the Early Selection version of Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention work?

A
  • Messages enter through Sensory Memory= all incoming info
  • Then go to Filter= Identifies message on physical characteristics
  • Then the Intended message goes to Detector= processes info to determine higher level of characteristics (meaning)
  • Then message moves on to Memory
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3
Q

What was the Attentuation Mode of Broadbent’s Model of Attention?

A
  • Based on Intermediate intermediate selection
  • Proposed by Anne Treisman (1964)= people replaced “Dear,7, jane” with “Dear aunt jane” aunt appearing in a different ear
  • Selection occurs in 2 stages= replaced filter w/ attentuator
  • System= Messages –> Attentuator –> Dictionary Unit –> Memory
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4
Q

How does the Attentuation Mode of Broadbent’s Model of Attention work?

A
  • Messages go to the Attentuator= Organizes incoming messages in terms of physical characteristics (high/low pitch), Language (syllabus and words), & meaning
  • After both Attended & Unattended messages pass through Attenuator= attended is Full Strength vs Unattended is Weak
  • After both messages pass, there may be a leaky filter= some of the unattended message gets through
  • The Dictionary Unit contains words stores in memory & each word has a threshold to become activated= Common words have Lower Thresholds vs Uncommon Words have Higher Thresholds
  • Then message goes to memory
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5
Q

What is the Late Selection Model of Broadbent’s Model of Attention

A
  • Based on Late Selection
  • Most of incoming info is processed at the level of meaning before the message to be further processed is selected
  • Explains the results from the experiment when people heard ambiguous sentence in on ear and a related word in another (right ear=they threw rocks at the bank yesterday, left ear is saying money or river)
  • Earlylate Contraversy= where early demonstrated under some conditions vs late demonstrated under other conditions depending on subject’s task & type of stimuli presented
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6
Q

What is Processing Capacity?

A
  • Amount of info that people can handle

- Sets limit to ability to process incoming info

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7
Q

What is Perceptual Load?

A
  • Difficulty of task
  • Low-load tasks take up small amount of processing capacity
  • Higher-load tasks take up all processing capacity= irrelevant stimuli cannot be processed
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8
Q

What is the Stroop Effect?

A
  • Named after J.R. Stroop (1935)
  • Tasks irrelevant stimuli is powerful
  • Saying the color that the word is in instead of what the word is
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9
Q

What is Central Vision?

A

-Area where you’re looking at

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10
Q

What is Peripheral Vision?

A

-Everything off to the side

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11
Q

What is the Fovea?

A

-Where objects in Central Vision fall

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12
Q

What is Fixation?

A

-Focusing on 1 object at a time

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13
Q

What is Saccadic Eye Movement?

A
  • Rapid/Jerky movement from one fixation to the next

- Usually 3 times/sec

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14
Q

What is Overt Attention?

A

-Shifting attention from one place to another

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15
Q

How is Bottom-Up processing used in Eye movements when scanning a scene?

A
  • Use Bottom-Up processing bc depends on pattern of light & dark color w/ contrast in stimulus
  • Results in the creation of Saliency Map= Combo of color, orientation, intensity at each scene/location
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16
Q

How is Top-Down processing used in eye movements when scanning a scene?

A
  • Scanning is influenced by preferences a person brings to situation (memory schemas)
  • People tend to look longer at things that seem out of place bc attention is affected by knowledge of what’s usually found in scene
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17
Q

What are Memory Schemas?

A

-An observers knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

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18
Q

How do we Scan Scenes based on Task Demands?

A
  • Person’s eye movement were determined by what task they are performing
  • Just-in-Time Strategy= eye movements occur just before we need info they will provide
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19
Q

How does scanning scenes based on Cognitive Factors and Task Demands compare?

A

-Both of these scanning are influenced by their predictions

20
Q

What is Covert Attention?

A
  • Shifting attention while eyes are still

- “Looking out from the corner of your eye”

21
Q

What did Posner & Coworkers (1978) do?

A
  • Asked if whether paying attention to location improved a person’s ability to respond to stimuli presented in the same location
  • Attention improves our ability to respond to location
  • Gave rise that our attention is a “Spot Light”
22
Q

How does our Attention improve our ability to respond to objects?

A
  • When attention is directed to one place on an object, the enhancing effect of that attention spreads to other places on the same object
  • Same-Object advantage
23
Q

How Does Attention affect our Perception?

A
  • Attending to object makes it clear & vivid

- This clearness helps us respond faster to location of objects

24
Q

What did Datta & Deyoe discover?

A
  • Asked what happens in the brain when people shift their attention to different locations while keeping their eyes stationary
  • Used fMRI to measure brain activity=attention to locations increases activities in specific areas of the brain
  • “Attention Maps”= directing attention to specific area activates specific area of the brain
25
Q

What did Cakur & coworkers discover?

A
  • Branched off of Huth’s experiment (The one where people are watching movies & developed map for brain activity
  • Had 3 experimental groups= passive view, search for people, search for cars
  • Found categorical shifts in brain scanning= some are more prominent than others depending on what they were tasked to do
  • Attentional Warping= when person is looking for a specific item, brain tunes/ warps itself so that larger areas can respond best to that item & things that related to that item
26
Q

How can Divided Attention be successfully achieved?

A
  • Practicing task hella times like in experiment by Schneider & Shiffrin
  • After practicing hella times= Automatic Processing= occurs w/o intervention & person’s cognitive resources
  • BUT divided attention becomes more difficult when tasks are harder (driving in heavy conditions= turning off radio, cutting off convo, etc)
27
Q

What did Strayer & Johnston (2001) discover?

A
  • Looked at effects of distracted driving w/ cellphone
  • Subjects missed 2x as many as while on the phone or handsfree device
  • Talking on the phone uses mental resources that could’ve been used for driving the car
28
Q

What are the effects of being Distracted by the Internet?

A
  • Checking phone constantly= Operant Conditioning behavior bc behavior is controlled by rewards
  • Constantly switching from one activity to another= Continuous Partial Attention
29
Q

What is Mind Wandering?

A
  • Thoughts coming from within (daydreaming)= extremely prevalent
  • Associated with activity in the Default Mode Network (DMN)
30
Q

What happens if we don’t Attend to a situation/scene?

A

-If we are paying attention to specific things, we may miss other things

31
Q

What is Inattentional Blindness?

A
  • People are unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they aren’t direction their attention to them
  • High Load task increases the chances of missing out on stimuli
32
Q

What is Inattentional Deafness?

A
  • People are unaware of hearing stimuli
  • Focusing on difficult task results in impaired hearing
  • High Load task increases chances of missing out on stimuli
33
Q

Why is it hard for us to detect Change in Scenes?

A
  • Change Blindness

- We don’t focus on Continuity Errors in film bc we’re usually focusing on other things in the scene

34
Q

Since we have a “spot light” for attention, how does that affect our everyday experience?

A
  • There’s hella stimuli in our environment= we only pay attention to small number of it which results us to miss out on big things
  • Argued that our perception features focus on 1 small portion of environment at a time= adaptive bc we are focusing on what’s important
  • Since we only focus on small ass portion= our perceptual system is at its optimal
  • Plus we have scene schemas to guide us
35
Q

What is Binding?

A

-Process by which features (color, motion, location) are combined to create our perception of coherent object

36
Q

What is the Feature Integration Theory? (FIT)

A
  • 2 Stages
  • 1st= Pre Attentive Stage
  • 2nd= Focused Attention Stage
37
Q

What is the 1st Stage of the Feature Integration Theory?

A
  • Pre Attentive Stage
  • Automatic, unconscious, effortless
  • Objects are analyzed independently in separate areas of the brain that are NOT YET ASSOCIATED with specific object
38
Q

What is the 2nd Stage of the Feature Integration Theory?

A
  • Focused Attention Stage
  • Attention is focused on object & independent features are combined= observer is consciously aware
  • Think of individual features as components of visual alphabet= Features (letters) are put together= Perception of whole object (words)
39
Q

What’s Illusionary Conjunction?

A
  • Experiment= Illusionary Conjunctions= one object can take on the property of another
  • Mostly Bottom-Up processing bc prior knowledge is not involved
  • Can still occur if stimuli is same size & shape
  • Occurs bc In Pre Attentive stage, each figure exists independently from others= NOT ASSOCIATED w/ specific object in early processes, just features (curved line, tilted, etc)
  • People w/ Balint’s Syndrome (parietal lobe damage) has inability to focus attention on individual objects
40
Q

What is Conjunction Search?

A
  • Combo of 2 or more features of the same stimulus
  • EX; Looking for horizontal green line in group of red horizontal lines & green vertical lines
  • Involves scanning display in order to focus attention to a specific location
  • Attention= essential component to mechanism that creates our perception of objects from a # of different features
41
Q

What is the Ventral Attention Network?

A

-Controls attention based on Salience

42
Q

What is the Dorsal Attention Network?

A

-Controls attention based on Top-Down processing

43
Q

What does Salience mean?

A

-An objects prominence/ being noticiceable

44
Q

What is Effective Connectivity?

A
  • How easily an activity can travel along particular pathway
  • Located between different areas of a network
  • Basic system becomes the same but flow becomes easier in certain directions based on conditions
45
Q

How does Effective Connectivity change?

A
  • Synchronization

- More effective communication

46
Q

What is the Executive Attention Network?

A
  • Complex
  • Range of processes= controlling attention, dealing w/ conflicting responses
  • Dealing w/ conflicts= Cognitive Control or Inhibitory Control or Willpower
47
Q

What is Stimulus Salience?

A
  • Physical properties of a stimulus

- Color, contrast, movement

COG PSY 200 (12 decks)

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