Perception (CH 3) Flashcards
What is Perception?
- Experience resulting from stimulation of senses
- Ability to see, hear, become aware of something through senses
What are the 6 Basic Characteristics of Perception?
- Can change based on added info
- Involve process similar to reasoning & problem solving
- Perceptual rule= when objects overlap, the one underneath usually continues behind the one on top
- Arriving at a perception= involve complex processes that include reasoning
- Occurs in conjunction w/ action= central to our ability to organize the actions that occur when we interact w/ environment
- Creates a picture of enviorment= essential for creating memories, acquiring knowledge, solving problems, communicating/ recognizing others
What was making Computers-Vision system that perceives objects & scenes all about?
- Estimated in the 1950s that it would take a decade to design a machine that would rival human vision
- International Journal of Computer-Vision (1987)= contained many papers where they resorted to complex math formulas to solve perceptual problems that are easy to humans
- Defense Advanced Project Agency (DARPA)= Tasked to produce a self-driving car to drive 150 miles= really difficult bc computer still made mistakes naming objects & don’t have a huge storehouse of info about the world like humans
Why is it so hard to create a Perceiving Robot?
- Stimulus on receptors are ambiguous bc it starts on the Retina and its job is to determine what object “out there” created that image
- Inverse Projection Problems that bots can’t solve
- Objects can be hidden or blurred= humans can easily determine what an object is based on its environment
- Objects look different at different viewpoints= Viewpoint Variance that humans possess
- Scenes contain high-level info
What is Bottom-Up Processing?
-Starts at “bottom” of the beginning of a system when environmental energy stimulates receptors
What is Top-Down Processing?
- Originates in the brain at “top” of the perceptual system
- Helps people rapidly identify objects, scenes, and determining story behind scenes
What is Speech Segmentation and how does it work?
- The ability to tell when one word in a convo ends & the next begins
- The continuous sound signal enters the ears and triggers signals that are sent to speech areas of the brain (BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING)
- If the listener understands the language their knowledge creates a perception of individual words (TOP-DOWN PROCESSING)
What are Transitional Properties?
- As we learn a language we start to recognize the likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word
- The process of learning these properties= Statistical Learning
What was Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconcious Interface?
- Based on realizations that image on the retina is ambiguous
- The particular pattern of the retina is caused by # of objects in the environment
- Likelihood Principle= Perceiving objects that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we received
- Unconcious interference= judgment of what most likely occurs/ assumptions that we make about the enviornment
- Optical illusions= we can’t unsee what we see even if we know how it works
What is the Gestalt Principle of Organization?
- Originated as a reaction to Wundt’s structuralist ideas= Gestalts perception could not be explained by adding up small sensations
- There’s 3= Good Continuation, Pragnanz, Similarity
- Apparent movement= moving displays/ headlines
- The whole is different from the sum of its parts= propose principles of perception organization
- EXPERIENCE plays MINOR role in perception
What is the Good Continuation Principle of Organization?
- When points are connected= straight & smooth= as seen as belonging together
- Objects that are overlapped= percieved as continuity behind overlapping object
What is the Pregnanz Principle of Organization?
- Good figure/ simplicity
- Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
What is the Similarity Principle of Organization?
-Similar things appeared to be grouped together (size, shape, color, orientation)
What are Physical Regularities?
- Regularly occuring physical properties of the enviornment (vertical & horizontal orientations)
- We perceive horizontal & vertical orientations better than angles= Oblique Effect
- When object partially covers another one, the contour of the partially covered object “comes out the otherside”
- Light from Above Assumption= Our perception of illuminated shapes is influenced by how they’re shaded combined w/ assumption of light from above
- Our system is adapted to respond to physical characteristics of enviornment like orientations and direction of light
What are Semantic Regularities?
- Characteristics of a scene are associated w/ functions carried out in different types of scenes= meaning of a scene
- Scene Schemas= expectations that contribute to our ability to perceive objects &; scenes
