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COG PSY 200 > LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, & Consolidation > Flashcards

LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, & Consolidation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Encoding?

A

-Getting info into LTM

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2
Q

What is Retrieval?

A

-Bringing info into consciousness by transferring it from LTM to WM

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3
Q

What is Coding?

A

-The form in which info is presented

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4
Q

What is Maintainance Rehearsal?

A
  • Rehearsing info w/o considering its meaning or making connections w/ other info
  • Results in little/ no encoding= poor memory
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5
Q

What is Elaborative Rehearsal?

A
  • Rehearsing the info in ways that makes connections w/ other info
  • Results in better memory
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6
Q

What is Levels of Processing Theory?

A

-Early idea linking the type of encoding to retrieval

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7
Q

What does the Levels of Processing Theory explain?

A
  • Memory depends on the Depth of Processing that an item received
  • Memory retrieval is affected by how items were encoded
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8
Q

What is Depth of Processing?

A
  • Distinguishes between Shallow Processing & Deep Processing.
  • Deep Processing= better memory than shallow processing
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9
Q

What is Shallow Processing?

A

-Involves little attention & meaning

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10
Q

What is Deep Processing?

A

-Close attention & elaborative rehearsal= focuses on item’s meaning & its relationship to something else

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11
Q

What is Pair-Associate Learning?

A
  • Tests if using imagery enchances memory
  • Consists of being presented a list of word pairs and then being asked to recall on of the words in the pair
  • Participants that used imagery remebered twice as many words
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12
Q

What is Self-Reference Effect?

A

-Memory is better when you can relate the words to yourself

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13
Q

What is the Generation Effect?

A
  • Getting your hands dirty & actually generating material yourself rather than passively perceiving it
  • Fill in the blanks is good way to generate the material
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14
Q

What is the best way to memorize info that can be split into different categories?

A

-Organizational tree

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15
Q

What are factors that aid in Encoding?

A
  • Creating connections
  • Active creatioin
  • Organization
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16
Q

How would you Create Connections to aid in encoding?

A
  • Using imagery

- Linking info to yourself (self-reference effect)

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17
Q

How would you partake in Active Creation to aid you in encoding?

A
  • Generating info on your own (generation effect)

- Testing yourself

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18
Q

How would you Organize info so that it can aid you in encoding?

A
  • Recalling info in groups
  • Present info in organized way (the tree)
  • Meaningful mental framework (visual reference)
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19
Q

What is the Testing Effect?

A

-The enhanced performance due to retrieval practice

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20
Q

What are the 6 components for Effective Studying?

A
  • Elaboration
  • Generate & test
  • Organize
  • Taking breaks
  • Avoiding illusions in learning
  • Being an active notetaker
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21
Q

What is the Elaboration component for effective studying?

A
  • Help transfer material that you’re reading to LTM

- Relating what you have read to something you already know which creates a structure that will support new info

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22
Q

What is Procative Interference?

A
  • Memory effect
  • Previously learned info interferes with learning new info
  • Past info influencing present info
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23
Q

What is the Generate & Test component for effective studying?

A
  • Form of Generation bc you’re generating your own questions & involving w/ the material
  • Increases what you know & ability to remember later
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24
Q

What is the Organize component for effective studying?

A
  • Create framework to relate info w/ something you already know (by making bubble maps/ trees)
  • Reduces load on your memory bc you’re chunking info info= makes it easier to remember
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25
Q

What is the Taking Breaks component for effectivy studying?

A
  • Taking breaks & having small study sessions throughout the day
  • Memory is enhanced if sleep follows learning= consolidation
26
Q

What is the Spacing Effect?

A

-It’s the advantage for short study sessions & spacing them out throughout the day= distributed practice

27
Q

What is the Avoiding Illusions of Learning component for effective studying?

A
  • Rereading the text= greater FLUENCY= faster reading= tricks you into thinking that you’re learning the material
  • Rereading the text also increases the familiarity= makes you think you learned it= FAMILIARITY EFFECT
  • Avoiding highlighting when reading material for the first time bc it becomes automatic
28
Q

What is the Active Notetaking component for effective studying?

A
  • Writing notes by hand is better than on the computer bc computer leads to shallow processing bc you’re just typing everything the professor says w/ little thought
  • Long hand notes= involve synthesizing material & summarizing lecture
29
Q

What are Retrieval Cues?

A

-Words/ stimuli (like location,songs, smell) that helps us remember info stored in our memory

30
Q

What is the Difference between Cued Recall & Free Recall?

A
  • Cued Recall is when person is presented w/ retrieval cues to aid in remebering the stimuli but SELF GENERATING retrieval cues are better for your memory
  • Free Recall is just recalling info on your own
31
Q

What are ways to increase Retrieval?

A
  • Using retrieval cues (self generated ones are the best)

- Matching conditions of encoding & retrieval

32
Q

How can Retrieval be increased?

A

-Matching the conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed during encoding

33
Q

What are the 3 situations in which Retrieval can be increased by matching conditions at retrieval to conditions to encoding?

A
  • Encoding Specificity
  • State-Dependent Learning
  • Transfer Appropiate Processing
34
Q

What is Encoding Specificity?

A
  • Incoding info ALONG with context

- Best recall occurs when encoding and retrieval occur in the same location

35
Q

What is State-Dependant Learning?

A
  • Learning that is associated w/ particuar inner state (mood, state of awareness)
  • Best memory is when inner state during retrieval matches their state suring encoding
36
Q

What is Transfer-Appropiate Processing?

A
  • When the type of processing matches in encoding & retrieval
  • Best retrieval is when cognitive tasks are involved during both encoding & retrieval
37
Q

What does Morris’s experiment about transfer appropiate processing indicate about Processing Theory?

A

-Since the rhyming group did better on the test than the meaning group, deeper processing at encoding DOES NOT ALWAYS result in better retrieval

38
Q

What is Consolidation?

A

-Process that transforms memories from fragile state to a more permenant state so that they’ll become resistant to disruption

39
Q

What is Synaptic Consolidation?

A
  • Involves structural changes in synapses (occurs over the course of minutes or hours)
  • Experience causes changes in the synapse
40
Q

What is Systems Consolidation?

A
  • Involves the gradual reorganization of neural circuits (occurs over the course of months or years)
  • Involves hippocampus & cortex
41
Q

What is the relationship between Synaptic Consolidaton & Systems Consolidation?

A
  • They occur simulatneously! but at different speeds & levels in the nervous system
  • Synatic C. is faster while Systems C. is slower
42
Q

What is Long-Term Potentiation?

A
  • Results from the outcome of structural changes in the synapse due to the strengthening of synaptic transmission
  • Causes enhanced firing in neurons after repeated stimulation
43
Q

How are memories represented physiologically?

A

-A pattern of firing that will increase it’s speed and strength as a result of repeated stimulation of the neuron

44
Q

What is the Standard Model of Consolidation?

A
  • When hippocampus is encoding new memories, it makes strong connections w/ higher cortical areas but connections between cortical areas themselves are weak
  • As time passes, the connections between the hippocampus & cortical areas weaken while connections between cortical areas themselves strengthen until the hippocampus’s connections are no longer present
45
Q

What role does the Hippocampus play duing the Standard Model of Consolidation?

A
  • It replays neural activity associated with a memory & sending this info to the cortex
  • It’s called REACTIVATION= helps form direct connections between the various cortical areas
46
Q

The hippocampus is considered to be the…….

A

Glue because it binds together representations of memory from different cortical areas but then “dissolves” itself when cortical representations are formed

47
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A
  • Loss of memory for events that happened BEFORE an injury

- Can extend minutes, hours, or years depending on the injury

48
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

-Loss of memory for events that happened AFTER an injury (inability to form new memories)

49
Q

What is Graded Amnesia?

A
  • Characteristic of retrograde amnesia
  • The amnesia tends to be more severe for events that happened JUST before injury & being less severe for earlier events
50
Q

What does Graded Amnesia correspond to?

A

-The changes in connections between the hippocampus & cortical areas bc as time passes after an event, the cortical representation becomes stronger

51
Q

What is the Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation?

A
  • Agrees that the hippocampus communicates w/ coritcal areas during early consolidation BUT
  • Proposes that the hippocampus REMAINS in active communication with the cortical areas, even for remote memories
52
Q

What is the relationship between the hippocampus & stimuli that have lost their episodic character?

A

-The response of the hippocampus changes over time only for stimuli that have lost their episodic character

53
Q

What is Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA)?

A

-Determines the voxel activation between various structures using fMRI

54
Q

Where are Remote & Recent memories presented?

A
  • Remote memories are present in cortex
  • Both remote & recent memories are presented in hippocampus but with more info about remote memories being stored in the Posterior hippocampus
55
Q

How can reaction process thats associated w/ consolidation strengthen?

A

-It strengthens during sleep

56
Q

Why is sleep essential for enhancing memory?

A
  • Going to sleep shortly after learning eliminates interference w/ consolidation
  • So consolidation is enhanced during sleep
  • Memories that are more important (ones likely to be tested) will be strengthened by consolidation
57
Q

What is Reconsolidation?

A

-Updating/ modifying an existing memory that is in its fragile state

58
Q

What is the relationship between the Original memory & Reactivated memory?

A

-Original memory is FRAGILE UNTIL it is consolidated for the FIRST time but Reactivated memory is fragile UNTIL RECONSOLIDATED (updated)

59
Q

How does Reconsolidation help patients with PTSD?

A

-By reactivating the memory & injecting propanolol which blocks hormone receptors in the amygdala which reduces the feelings of stress associated w/ that memory

60
Q

Why can’t Reconsolidation be applied to infants?

A

-Bc their memory is a work in progress= constantly changing based on experiences & milestones

61
Q

What is the Temporal Context Model?

A
  • Doesn’t involve reconsolidation
  • It focuses more on the context in which learning & retrieval take place which can lead to cued recall for old & new memories

COG PSY 200 (12 decks)

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