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COG PSY 200 > Visual Imagery (CH 10) > Flashcards

Visual Imagery (CH 10) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Visual Imagery?

A

-Seeing in the absence of a visual imagery

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2
Q

What is Mental Imagery?

A
  • Broader term that refers to the ability to recreate the sensory world in the absence of physical stimuli
  • Uses all the senses
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3
Q

What did Wundt propose?

A
  • Images were one of the 3 basic elements of consciousness, along w/ sensations & feelings
  • And that studying images was a way of studying thinking
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4
Q

What gave rise to the Imageless Thought Debate?

A

-The idea of a link between imagery & thinking

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5
Q

What was Francis Galton’s observation about why image is NOT required for thinking?

A

-He observed that people who had difficulty forming visual images were still capable for thinking

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6
Q

Why did behaviorists think about the study of imagery?

A

-It couldn’t be measured because visual images weren’t visible to everyone one= Unproven & mythological

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7
Q

What was one of the keys of success to the Cognitive Revolution?

A

-Development of ways to measure behavior that could be used to infer cognitive processes

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8
Q

What is Pair-Associate learning?

A
  • Technique
  • Participants were presented with a pair of words, later on they where shown one of the words of the pair & then were asked to retrieve the 2nd word of the pair
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9
Q

What is the Conceptual Peg Hypothesis?

A

-Concrete nouns create images that other words can “hang onto”

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10
Q

What is Mental-Chronometry?

A
  • Technique to study the amount of time needed to carry out various cognitive processes
  • Used the mental rotation experiment= the amount of time it took to decide that 2 views were of the same object is directly related to how the different angles were between the 2 views
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11
Q

What is Mental Scanning?

A

-Participants creating mental images & then scanning them in their minds

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12
Q

What was Kosslyn’s hypothesis about both of the mental scanning experiments?

A

-He said that if imagery, like perception, is spatial, then participants would take longer to find parts of the boat that are located further from each other (anchor & engine) bc they would be scanning the entire image

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13
Q

What did Kosslyn’s mental scanning experiments involve?

A
  • Mental scanning for both a boat & a map of an island w/ 7 landmarks
  • Showed participants a picture of a boat & were asked to memorize it
  • Participants were then asked if there were certain parts that belonged on the boat, so participants had to scan their mental image of the boat
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14
Q

What was Kossyln’s results for the mental scanning of the boat?

A

-That indeed participants took longer to find parts of the boat that were further apart

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15
Q

What explanation did Glen Lea propose for Kosslyn’s experiment?

A

-He argued that as participants scanned, they would become distracted/ come across interesting parts like a cabin thus increasing their reaction time

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16
Q

What is the Imagery Debate?

A

-A debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms (like in perception) or propositional mechanisms (language)

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17
Q

What is Spatial Representations?

A

-Representations in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space

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18
Q

What does Pylyshyn argue about spatial representations?

A

-Argues that the spatial experience of mental images is an Epiphenomenon

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19
Q

What is an Epiphenomenon?

A

-Something that accompanies the real mechanism but it not actually part of the mechanism

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20
Q

What did Pylyshyn propose?

A

-Proposed that the mechanism underlying imagery involves propositional representations

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21
Q

What is Propositional Representations?

A

-Representations in which relationships can be represented by abstract symbols like an equation/ statement= cat is under the table vs visual representation of cat being under the table

22
Q

What are Depicitive Representations?

A

-Spatial representations (cat under the table) in which parts of the representations correspond to parts of the object

23
Q

What does the diagram w/ the different nodes from different parts of the boat proposes?

A

-It proposes that imagery operates in a way similar to the semantic networks

24
Q

What was Kosslyn’s mental walk experiment?

A
  • He asked participants to imagine an elephant next to a rabbit, he then asked them about features the rabbit has
  • He then asked them to imagine the same rabbit next to a fly & asked participants about the features of the rabbit
  • He found that the reaction time to the questions was faster when the rabbit was taking up the majority of the visual field bc details were easier to see
25
Q

What is the Mental-Walk Task?

A
  • Kosslyn’s other task about asking participants to mentally walk towards an animal in the picture & estimate how far away from the animal when they began to experience “overflow”
  • Resulted that participants had to move closer to the smaller animals= evidence for the idea that images are spatial like perception
26
Q

What is another way to demonstrate that Imagery & Perception are connected?

A
  • Is by showing that they interact w/ eachother
  • So if perception effects imagery & vise-versa, then both perception & imagery have access to the same mechanisms
27
Q

What other experiment demonstrated the connection between Imagery & Perception?

A

-Perky’s experiment where he asked participants to image an item on a screen but he, unbeknownest to the participants, projected the same image on the other side of the screen

28
Q

What was the result of Perky’s experiment where he projected objects behind the screen that the participants were looking at?

A
  • The participants descriptions for their images matched the image projected
  • None of them noticed that there was an actual picture being projected on the screen= mistaked it as a mental image
29
Q

What method was used to record Mirror Neurons?

A
  • Was first measured in patients with intracable epilepsy that couldn’t be controlled by drugs
  • Patients consented to having electrodes inserted so that the experimenters can pin-point the location of the epilepetic focus= Enabled researchers to record neuron response to simuli, cognitive activities (imagining & remembering)
30
Q

What are Imagery Neurons?

A
  • Neurons that fire the same way for a picture of an object & imagining the same object
  • Do not fire at a face
31
Q

What is a Topographic Map?

A

-Specific locations on a visual stimulus cause activity at specific locations in the visual cortex & points next to each other on the stimulus

32
Q

What does research over the Topographic Map indicate?

A
  • Looking at SMALL objects causes activity in the back of the visual cortex
  • Looking at LARGE objects causes activity to spread to the front of the visual cortex
  • Much like perception= same topographical organization
33
Q

What was the purpose of Ganis’s experiment?

A

-Determining whether there’s an overlap between areas of the brain activated by perceiving an object & those activated by creating a mental image of the object

34
Q

What was Ganis’s experiment?

A
  • Used fMRI to measure activation under perception & imagery
  • For perception, participants observed a drawing of tree
  • For imagery, participants were told to imagine a the picture & then they heard a tone
  • For both he asked them if the tree/object was wider than it is tall
35
Q

What were the results of Ganis’s experiment?

A
  • Shows that theres activation at 3 different locations of the brain
  • Both perception & imagery activate the same areas of the Frontal Lobe
  • BUT perception activated both the Visual Cortex & the Occipital Lobe at the back of the brain= not a surpise
  • SO there is an almost complete overlap of the activation in the front of the brain but some difference in the back
36
Q

How is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation used in Kosslyn’s experiment?

A
  • He presented it to the visual cortex while the particpants were carrying out a perception or an imagery task & was directed to another part of the brain during the control portion
  • For the perception= participants were briefly shown a picture w/ 4 different quadrants w/ different stripe styles in them & were asked questions
  • For the Imagery task= participants did the same but they formed a mental image
  • The reaction times of the participants were measured
37
Q

What were the results of Kosslyn’s TMS experiment?

A
  • Indicated that stimulation caused participants to move more slowly & occured during both the imagery & perception tasks
  • Concluded that brain activity was in Visual Cortex plays casual role in perception & imagery
38
Q

What happens when a part of the Visual Cortex (occipital lobe) is removed?

A

-Since the the size of the visual field is reduced, the distance from the object increased= fills up visual view “faster”

39
Q

What is Unilateral Neglect?

A
  • Damage to the Parietal Lobe

- Patient ignores objects in one half of the visual field (only eating half of the plate, shaving half of your face)

40
Q

What did Luzzati test & what was the conclusion?

A
  • Tested a patient with Unilateral Neglect
  • The patient only catered to the right side of his visual field when asked to describe things when imagining himself standing at one end of a landmark that he was familar with before his brain damage
  • Supports the idea that mental imagery & perception share physiological mechanisms BUT not all physiological results support 1-on-1 correspondance
41
Q

What is conluded from the Imagery Debate?

A

-Imagery & perception are closely related & share some but not all mechanisms

42
Q

What’s the difference between Imagery & Perception?

A
  • Perception occurs automatically & it’s stable bc it continues when you are looking at a stimulus
  • Imagery needs to be generated w/ some effort & is fragile bc it can vanish w/o continued effort BUT harder to manipulate more complex mental images
43
Q

What is the Method of Loci?

A

-Method where you place things that need to be remembered at a different location in a familiar mental layout (my house)

44
Q

What is the Pegword Technique?

A

-Memory method but you associate things you want to remember w/ concrete words

45
Q

What is Spatial Imagery?

A

-Refers to the ability to image spatial relations (layout of a garden)

46
Q

What is Object Imagery?

A

-Refers to the ability to image visual details, feathers, or objects (rose bush w/ bright red roses)

47
Q

What is the Paper Folding Test (PFT)?

A
  • Designed to measure spatial imagery
  • Participants saw a piece of paper being folded & then pierced by a stencil, they had to pick from 5 choices what the paper would look like when unfolded
48
Q

What is the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ)?

A
  • Desgined to measure object imagery

- Participants rated on a 5 pt scale the vividness of images that they were asked to create

49
Q

What is the Degraded Pictures Task?

A

-Consisted of a number of degraded line drawings

50
Q

What’s the difference between Spatial & Object imagers?

A
  • Spatial imagers did better in the mental rotation task (better at physics problems)
  • Object imagers did better on the degraded pictures task
51
Q

What is Galton’s idea?

A

-That people vary in their experience of visual imagery

COG PSY 200 (12 decks)

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