Long-term Memory: Structure (CH 6) Flashcards
What does Division refer to?
- Distinguishing between different types of memory
- Divides memory into smaller easy to study components
What does Interaction refer to?
-Different types of memory can interact &; share mechanisms
What does LTM provide?
- An archive that has what we can refer to when we want to remember events from the past
- Provides hella background info that we constantly consult as we’re using working memory
What is the Serial Curve?
- It occurs when participants write down words that they remember for a sequence that they’re shown
- Demonstrates that participants are more likely to remember the first & last words than the ones in the middle
What is the Primacy Effect?
- Better memorization for words at the beginning of a sequence
- HOW? well bc participants have more time to rehearse the word & transfer it to LTM
What is the Recency Effect?
- Better memorization for words at the end of a sequence
- HOW? well bc the words are still presented in STM which makes them easier to remember
What does Coding mean?
- The form stimuli are presented
- 2 categories= physiological & mental
What is Physiological Approach to Coding?
-How a stimulus is presented based on neural firing
What is Mental Approach to Coding?
-How a stimulus is presented in the mind
What are the different types of Coding?
- Visual=coding in the mind as a visual image
- Auditory=coding in the mind as a sound
- Semantic=coding in terms of meaning
How is Visual Coding present in STM vs LTM?
- In STM= remembering visual pattern & then recalling it
- In LTM= visualizing a person’s face or place from the past
How is Auditory Coding present in STM vs LTM?
- In STM=Phonological similarity effect so confusing letter sounds
- In LTM= “playing” a song in your head
How is Semantic Coding Present in STM vs LTM?
- In STM= placing words in a STM task in categories based on their meanings. Increased processing of words whe jump from different categories
- In LTM= remembering the general meaning of a sentence instead of the exact wording
What is Proactive Interference?
- Decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned info interferes w/ learning new info
- P.I has greater effect when words/ items conceptually belong in same category (fruit name in fruit groups)
What is Release from Proactive Interference?
-Wickens discovered that there is a release when there is a change to the category of items being learned (professions category changes to fruit group category)= INCREASED processing in STM
What is Recognition Memory?
-Identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier
What is the predominant type of coding in STM?
-Auditory coding
What is the predominant type of coding in LTM?
-Semantic coding
How does removal of the Hippocampus affect the brain?
- Inability to form NEW LTM memories
- STM memory stays intact but unable to transfer this info to LTM memory
How does damage to Parietal Lobe affect the brain?
- Poor STM= reduced digit span & recency effect on serial position curve
- Normal LTM
What is the relationship between STM & LTM?
- They are indeed caused by separate mechs that can act independently
- BUT the hippocampus & other medical temporal lobe structures also play SAME role in STM in tasks involving novel stimuli
- Double Dissociation
How do we distinguish Semantic Memory & Episodic Memory?
-On the types of information remembered & experience associated with each type of memory
What is the defining property of Episodic Memories?
-Involves Mental Time Travel, described as self-knowing/ remembering
What is the defining property of Semantic Memories?
- Involves acessing knowledge about the world that DOES NOT have to be tied to remembering personal experience
- Described as plain knowing
What is the Relationship between Semantic Memories & Episodic Memories?
- Double Dissociation
- Both involve different mechs (can vary based on extent of brain damage)
- But they interact w/ eachother
In what ways can Semantic & Episodic memories be intertwined?
- How knowledge affects experience
- The make up of Autobiographical Memory
How does Knowledge affect experience?
-Our knowledge guides our experience which infleunces the episodic memores that follow from that experience
(knowledge of baseball game dictating where to look/ anticipate during the game)
What is Autobiographical Memory?
- Memory for specific experiences from our life
- Can include both episodic & semantic components
What is the Semantic Component of Autobiographical Memory?
-Personal Semantic Memories= facts associated w/ personal experiences
What are Autobiographically Significant Semantic Memories?
-Semantic memories involving personal episodes
more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if you have attended on of their concerts-episodic experience
What is the Episodic Component of Autobiographical Memory?
-Experience related to episodic memories can aid in accessing semantic memories
What is Familiarity?
- Remembering a person bc they are familiar to you but you don’t remember specific details that involve that person
- Associated w/ Semantic Memory bc it’s not associated w/ the circumstances under knowledge was aquired
What is Recollection?
- Remembering specific experience that involve the person
- Associated w/ Episodic Memory bc it includes details & awareness of event as it was experienced in the past
What is the Remember/Know procedure?
- Participants are presented w/ stimuli that they have encountered before
- They are asked if they REMEMBER if its familiar & under what circumstances they encountered it, KNOW its familiar but dont remember experiencing, DON’T KNOW if it’s familiar at all
- Procedure distinguishes between episodic (remember) & semantc (know) components
What is Semanticization of Remote Memories?
-Loss of episodic detail for memories of memories from a while back
What happens to Episodic & Semantic Memories over time?
- Knowledge that makes up semantic memories is intially attained through personal experience= basis of episodic memory
- BUT your memory for these experiences fade= just leaves semantic memories
- Forgetting IS NOT an all-or-nothing process
Whats the relationship between thinking about the past & the future?
- All the brain regions that are active while thinking about the future were active while thinking about the past
- Similar neural mechs are involved in remembering the past & predicting the future
- Events in both are shown to us in 3rd person
What is Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis?
-Episodic memories are extracted & recombined to construct simulations of future events
Why is Episodic Memory useful for imagining the future?
-Simulate future scenarios in order to help anticipate future needs & guide future behavior
What is Mind Wandering?
- Associated w/ Default Mode Network (DMN)= active when person is not focused on task
- Extremely prevalent= occuring as much as half the time during waking hours
How is Mind Wandering useful?
- People are more likely to think about future events
- Helps people plan for the future by creating simulations of the future from our episodic memories
What happens when there’s damage to the Defualt Mode Network (DMN)?
-Can cause problems in retrieving autobiographical memories= associated w/ problems in imagining future events
What are Explicit Memories?
- Memories that we are aware of (conscious)
- Ability to make someone else aware of our memories
What are types of Explicit Memories?
-Episodic & Semantic
What are Implicit Memories?
- Memories that we aren’t aware of (unconcious)
- Occurs when learning from experience IS NOT accompanied by concious remembering
What are the main types of Implicit Memories?
- Procedural
- Priming
- Conditioning
Why is Procedural Memory Implicit?
- We end up not remembering how we gained skills as time goes by
- Our ability to have a conversation starts as infants even if we didn’t even know the grammar rules
What is the main effect of Procedural Memories?
-They enable us to carry out skilled acts w/o thinking about what we’re doing
What is Expert-Induced Amnesia?
- When well learned procedural memories don’t require attention
- The AUTOMATIC action of an extremely skilled pianist just playing a piece of music
What is the relationship between Procedural Memory & Semantic Memory?
-Having knowledge (semantic) about various fields (painting, playing music, driving, etc) is linked to the ability (procedural) to carry out those skills
What is Priming?
-It occurs when the presentation of one stimulus (priming stimulus) changes the way the person responds to another (test stimulus)
What is a type of Priming?
-Repetition Priming
What is Repetition Priming?
- Occurs when test stimulus is the same or resembles the priming stimulus
- Called implicit memory bc the priming effect can occur even though participants may not remember the original presentation of the priming stimuli
How would researchers avoid Explicit Rembering in a Priming Experiment?
-Presenting priming stimuli in a way that does not seem like a memory task
(asking participants to figure out which animals out of a list are taller than 2 feet)
-Using testing procedures that do not refer to memory
-Measure how quickly the participant responds to stimulus
(requiring a faster response decreases the chances that the participants will have time to conciously recollect if they have already seen the word)
What is the Propaganda Effect?
- Participants are more likely to rate statments they have been seen/ heard higher bc they’ve been exposed to them before
- Involves implicit memory bc it can operate when people aren’t aware of hearing/seeing it & may have been thought as false when they first heard it
What is Classical Conditioning?
- When 1 neutral stimulus that DOES NOT elicit response on its own is paired with a conditioning stimulus that DOES result in response
- Can be implicit memory bc the person would’ve forgotten the original pairing
What is Psychogenic Fugue?
- Rare condition
- Person who has this condition will forget their past & their identity & affiliation w/ their enviornment so they move away & make up a whole new identity
