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COG PSY 200 > Long-term Memory: Structure (CH 6) > Flashcards

Long-term Memory: Structure (CH 6) Flashcards

1
Q

What does Division refer to?

A
  • Distinguishing between different types of memory

- Divides memory into smaller easy to study components

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2
Q

What does Interaction refer to?

A

-Different types of memory can interact &; share mechanisms

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3
Q

What does LTM provide?

A
  • An archive that has what we can refer to when we want to remember events from the past
  • Provides hella background info that we constantly consult as we’re using working memory
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4
Q

What is the Serial Curve?

A
  • It occurs when participants write down words that they remember for a sequence that they’re shown
  • Demonstrates that participants are more likely to remember the first & last words than the ones in the middle
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5
Q

What is the Primacy Effect?

A
  • Better memorization for words at the beginning of a sequence
  • HOW? well bc participants have more time to rehearse the word & transfer it to LTM
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6
Q

What is the Recency Effect?

A
  • Better memorization for words at the end of a sequence

- HOW? well bc the words are still presented in STM which makes them easier to remember

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7
Q

What does Coding mean?

A
  • The form stimuli are presented

- 2 categories= physiological & mental

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8
Q

What is Physiological Approach to Coding?

A

-How a stimulus is presented based on neural firing

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9
Q

What is Mental Approach to Coding?

A

-How a stimulus is presented in the mind

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10
Q

What are the different types of Coding?

A
  • Visual=coding in the mind as a visual image
  • Auditory=coding in the mind as a sound
  • Semantic=coding in terms of meaning
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11
Q

How is Visual Coding present in STM vs LTM?

A
  • In STM= remembering visual pattern & then recalling it

- In LTM= visualizing a person’s face or place from the past

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12
Q

How is Auditory Coding present in STM vs LTM?

A
  • In STM=Phonological similarity effect so confusing letter sounds
  • In LTM= “playing” a song in your head
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13
Q

How is Semantic Coding Present in STM vs LTM?

A
  • In STM= placing words in a STM task in categories based on their meanings. Increased processing of words whe jump from different categories
  • In LTM= remembering the general meaning of a sentence instead of the exact wording
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14
Q

What is Proactive Interference?

A
  • Decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned info interferes w/ learning new info
  • P.I has greater effect when words/ items conceptually belong in same category (fruit name in fruit groups)
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15
Q

What is Release from Proactive Interference?

A

-Wickens discovered that there is a release when there is a change to the category of items being learned (professions category changes to fruit group category)= INCREASED processing in STM

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16
Q

What is Recognition Memory?

A

-Identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier

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17
Q

What is the predominant type of coding in STM?

A

-Auditory coding

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18
Q

What is the predominant type of coding in LTM?

A

-Semantic coding

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19
Q

How does removal of the Hippocampus affect the brain?

A
  • Inability to form NEW LTM memories

- STM memory stays intact but unable to transfer this info to LTM memory

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20
Q

How does damage to Parietal Lobe affect the brain?

A
  • Poor STM= reduced digit span & recency effect on serial position curve
  • Normal LTM
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21
Q

What is the relationship between STM & LTM?

A
  • They are indeed caused by separate mechs that can act independently
  • BUT the hippocampus & other medical temporal lobe structures also play SAME role in STM in tasks involving novel stimuli
  • Double Dissociation
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22
Q

How do we distinguish Semantic Memory & Episodic Memory?

A

-On the types of information remembered & experience associated with each type of memory

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23
Q

What is the defining property of Episodic Memories?

A

-Involves Mental Time Travel, described as self-knowing/ remembering

24
Q

What is the defining property of Semantic Memories?

A
  • Involves acessing knowledge about the world that DOES NOT have to be tied to remembering personal experience
  • Described as plain knowing
25
Q

What is the Relationship between Semantic Memories & Episodic Memories?

A
  • Double Dissociation
  • Both involve different mechs (can vary based on extent of brain damage)
  • But they interact w/ eachother
26
Q

In what ways can Semantic & Episodic memories be intertwined?

A
  • How knowledge affects experience

- The make up of Autobiographical Memory

27
Q

How does Knowledge affect experience?

A

-Our knowledge guides our experience which infleunces the episodic memores that follow from that experience
(knowledge of baseball game dictating where to look/ anticipate during the game)

28
Q

What is Autobiographical Memory?

A
  • Memory for specific experiences from our life

- Can include both episodic & semantic components

29
Q

What is the Semantic Component of Autobiographical Memory?

A

-Personal Semantic Memories= facts associated w/ personal experiences

30
Q

What are Autobiographically Significant Semantic Memories?

A

-Semantic memories involving personal episodes

more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if you have attended on of their concerts-episodic experience

31
Q

What is the Episodic Component of Autobiographical Memory?

A

-Experience related to episodic memories can aid in accessing semantic memories

32
Q

What is Familiarity?

A
  • Remembering a person bc they are familiar to you but you don’t remember specific details that involve that person
  • Associated w/ Semantic Memory bc it’s not associated w/ the circumstances under knowledge was aquired
33
Q

What is Recollection?

A
  • Remembering specific experience that involve the person

- Associated w/ Episodic Memory bc it includes details & awareness of event as it was experienced in the past

34
Q

What is the Remember/Know procedure?

A
  • Participants are presented w/ stimuli that they have encountered before
  • They are asked if they REMEMBER if its familiar & under what circumstances they encountered it, KNOW its familiar but dont remember experiencing, DON’T KNOW if it’s familiar at all
  • Procedure distinguishes between episodic (remember) & semantc (know) components
35
Q

What is Semanticization of Remote Memories?

A

-Loss of episodic detail for memories of memories from a while back

36
Q

What happens to Episodic & Semantic Memories over time?

A
  • Knowledge that makes up semantic memories is intially attained through personal experience= basis of episodic memory
  • BUT your memory for these experiences fade= just leaves semantic memories
  • Forgetting IS NOT an all-or-nothing process
37
Q

Whats the relationship between thinking about the past & the future?

A
  • All the brain regions that are active while thinking about the future were active while thinking about the past
  • Similar neural mechs are involved in remembering the past & predicting the future
  • Events in both are shown to us in 3rd person
38
Q

What is Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis?

A

-Episodic memories are extracted & recombined to construct simulations of future events

39
Q

Why is Episodic Memory useful for imagining the future?

A

-Simulate future scenarios in order to help anticipate future needs & guide future behavior

40
Q

What is Mind Wandering?

A
  • Associated w/ Default Mode Network (DMN)= active when person is not focused on task
  • Extremely prevalent= occuring as much as half the time during waking hours
41
Q

How is Mind Wandering useful?

A
  • People are more likely to think about future events

- Helps people plan for the future by creating simulations of the future from our episodic memories

42
Q

What happens when there’s damage to the Defualt Mode Network (DMN)?

A

-Can cause problems in retrieving autobiographical memories= associated w/ problems in imagining future events

43
Q

What are Explicit Memories?

A
  • Memories that we are aware of (conscious)

- Ability to make someone else aware of our memories

44
Q

What are types of Explicit Memories?

A

-Episodic & Semantic

45
Q

What are Implicit Memories?

A
  • Memories that we aren’t aware of (unconcious)

- Occurs when learning from experience IS NOT accompanied by concious remembering

46
Q

What are the main types of Implicit Memories?

A
  • Procedural
  • Priming
  • Conditioning
47
Q

Why is Procedural Memory Implicit?

A
  • We end up not remembering how we gained skills as time goes by
  • Our ability to have a conversation starts as infants even if we didn’t even know the grammar rules
48
Q

What is the main effect of Procedural Memories?

A

-They enable us to carry out skilled acts w/o thinking about what we’re doing

49
Q

What is Expert-Induced Amnesia?

A
  • When well learned procedural memories don’t require attention
  • The AUTOMATIC action of an extremely skilled pianist just playing a piece of music
50
Q

What is the relationship between Procedural Memory & Semantic Memory?

A

-Having knowledge (semantic) about various fields (painting, playing music, driving, etc) is linked to the ability (procedural) to carry out those skills

51
Q

What is Priming?

A

-It occurs when the presentation of one stimulus (priming stimulus) changes the way the person responds to another (test stimulus)

52
Q

What is a type of Priming?

A

-Repetition Priming

53
Q

What is Repetition Priming?

A
  • Occurs when test stimulus is the same or resembles the priming stimulus
  • Called implicit memory bc the priming effect can occur even though participants may not remember the original presentation of the priming stimuli
54
Q

How would researchers avoid Explicit Rembering in a Priming Experiment?

A

-Presenting priming stimuli in a way that does not seem like a memory task
(asking participants to figure out which animals out of a list are taller than 2 feet)
-Using testing procedures that do not refer to memory
-Measure how quickly the participant responds to stimulus
(requiring a faster response decreases the chances that the participants will have time to conciously recollect if they have already seen the word)

55
Q

What is the Propaganda Effect?

A
  • Participants are more likely to rate statments they have been seen/ heard higher bc they’ve been exposed to them before
  • Involves implicit memory bc it can operate when people aren’t aware of hearing/seeing it & may have been thought as false when they first heard it
56
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A
  • When 1 neutral stimulus that DOES NOT elicit response on its own is paired with a conditioning stimulus that DOES result in response
  • Can be implicit memory bc the person would’ve forgotten the original pairing
57
Q

What is Psychogenic Fugue?

A
  • Rare condition
  • Person who has this condition will forget their past & their identity & affiliation w/ their enviornment so they move away & make up a whole new identity

COG PSY 200 (12 decks)

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