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Equine Nutrition > Working/Performance Horses > Flashcards

Working/Performance Horses Flashcards

1
Q

what doe breakdown of ATP produce

A

energy
ADP
Pi

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2
Q

where does ATP come from(general)

A

-breakdown of energy in foods right after meal is absorbed
-breakdown of stored energy

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3
Q

what is the primary source of stored glucose

A

glycogen

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4
Q

Starch, Sugar
-immediate form of E after digestion
-stored form of E

A

immediate: blood glucose
stored: liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat

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5
Q

Fiber
-immediate form of E after digestion
-stored form of E

A

Immediate: propionate->glucose
acetate->krebs cycle
stored: liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat

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6
Q

why is glucose from propionate a safer form

A

because its used in the hindgut

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7
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

Fat
-immediate form of E after digestion
-stored form of E

A

Immediate: fatty acids
Stored: fat(adipose)

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9
Q

how are fatty acids used for energy

A

through B oxidation breaking it down into acetyl CoA which goes through the krebs cycle

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10
Q

Protein
-immediate form of E after digestion
-stored form of E

A

immediate: some AAs-> glucose/acetate
stored: not stored as energy to any great extent

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11
Q

why does blood glucose not provide a ton of energy

A

bc excess glucose in blood is quickly stored

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12
Q

why does liver glycogen not provide much energy

A

its dense in glycogen, but small

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13
Q

why does muscle glycogen provide a lot of energy

A

elite athletes are 55% muscle and its dense in glycogen

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14
Q

T/F horses have heavy stores of muscle triglycerides(intramuscular fat) which provides a great source of energy

A

FALSE. intramuscular fat is not very fat in horses

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15
Q

2 types of metabolism?
and when are they uses?

A

aerobic(long duration)
anaerobic(short sprint)

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16
Q

fuel sources for aerobic metabolism?
what form are they all in?

A

blood glucose, muscle glycogen, fat
all goes to acetyl CoA

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17
Q

fuel sources for anaerobic metabolism

A

blood glucose
muscle glycogen

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18
Q

why does aerobic metabolism take longer

A

because it has to go through the krebs cycle

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19
Q

does aerobic or anaerobic make more net ATP per glucose

A

Aerobic

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20
Q

end products of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

A

aerobic: CO2
anaerobic: lactate

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21
Q

what is glycolysis

A

anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

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22
Q

pathway of pyruvate based on O2 availability

A

O2 present: pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA and goes to krebs cycle

O2 absent: it is converted to lactate

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23
Q

why is oxygen needed for the krebs cycle

A

because NADH and FAD(products of the krebs cycle)
go to the electron transport system which requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor

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24
Q

why is lactate produced from anaerobic metabolism potentially bad

A

lactate is converted to lactic acid which will lower blood pH and harm enzymes(it can kill energy producing enzymes leading to fatigue)

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25
what factors impact level of aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism? what is the impact?
Intensity/speed: as it increases anaerobic increases Duration: as it increases aerobic increases Fitness level: as it increases aerobic increases Time of feeding: affects fuel availability
26
does endurance or sprinting cause greater depletion of muscle glycogen
endurance
27
how does speed affect the rate of muscle glycogen utilization
as speed increases so does rate of utilization
28
primary type of E production and fuel for endurance exercise
aerobic fat
29
primary type of E production and fuel for mid level exercise
mix of aerobic and anaerobic CHO and fat
30
primary type of E production and fuel for sprint exercise
anaerobic CHO
31
primary type of E production and fuel for combo exercise
varies based on intensity and duration EX. polo, cutting, jumping
32
physiological response to a grain meal
starch digested to glucose glucose absorbed increased blood glucose increased insulin from pancreas
33
how long do effects of insulin last? why is it important?
4 hours if body is in storage mode from insulin it interferes with aerobic metabolism
34
what are the effects of insulin
body goes into storage mode -decreased gluconeogenesis and lipolysis -(glucose is put into storage)
35
physiological response to a forage meal
fiber fermented to VFA VFA absorbed no change in blood glucose no significant insulin response
36
T/F adding oil to feed is a good way to provide energy without increasing insulin response
TRUE
37
why might you not want to feed a large fiber meal before exercise
-draws fluid from ECF decreasing plasma volume -increases gut fill/weight horse has to carry -horse drinks more water(creates fluid and e-lyte reservoir in hindgut
38
benefits of feeding small/frequent forage meals
-fluids equilibrate between ECF and hindgut -stabilizes gut fill -minimal impact on plasma volume
39
why is it bad to feed any large meal to a horse right before exercise
exercise draws blood away from the gut(which is needed for digestion) which heavily increases chance of colic
40
what is the only type of exercise where it may be beneficial to feed a small grain meal 30-60 minutes before exercise? why?
high intensity/short duration will increase blood glucose levels for anaerobic metabolism
41
what nutrients are most impacted by exercise
water energy electrolytes
42
at what intensity of exercise to nutrient requirements drastically increase
very heavy
43
average % of BW you should feed horses for different exercise intensities
light: 2% moderate: 2.25% heavy/very heavy: 2.5%
44
effect of overfeeding protein
-increased urination -increased heat stress -increased HR, respiratory rate, and sweat loss
45
how much more heat does protein metabolism cause than CHO and fat metabolism
3-6x more
46
what percent of energy from converting stored energy to mechanical work is lost as heat
75-85%
47
nutrition related exercise concerns for exercising
-high protein diets -water and e-lyte loss -tying up
48
consequences of large sweat loss
-dehydration -low plasma volume(trouble circulating blood to muscles and remove waste) -hyperthermia(cant dissipate heat) -electrolyte imbalance -impaired performance
49
causes of sporadic tying up
-making a horse work harder than theyre capable of -electrolyte imbalance -vitamin E/selenium deficiency
50
two types of chronic tying up
RER and PSSM
51
what causes RER
defect in mechanism of muscle contraction(muscle has increased sensitivity to Ca)
52
Triggers of RER
-training that restrains horse from reaching top speed -prolonged periods of stall rest -high grain diet -excitement
53
what breeds is RER a common cause of tying up in
TB, SB, and arabians
54
T/F RER is most likely inherited
TRUE
55
what type of horse is RER most common in
young fillies with nervous disposition
56
what causes PSSM
strange form of muscle glycogen that cant be used(glycogen is not evenly distributed in the muscle)
57
how much more muscle glycogen do PSSM horses have than normal horses
1.5-4x more
58
how does PSSM affect bodys response to glucose and glycogen synthasis
-increased ability to clear glucose from blood -increased rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle
59
what breeds is PSSM most common in
QH's/stock type breeds warmbloods drafts
60
T/F both RER and PSSM horses generally have a quiet disposition
FALSE. PSSM does, which is opposite of RER
61
how to feed for RER and PSSM
RER: decrease grain PSSM: decrease grain/molasses BOTH: use alternate energy source(fat and forage), electrolytes, vitamin E/selenium supplementation

Equine Nutrition (16 decks)

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