Endocrine Regulation Flashcards by Emily Cottenden

major hormone-producing organs

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenals
pancreas
muscle
kidneys
adipose
liver
GIT

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what hormone do muscles release

myokines

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major functions of hormones

metabolism
blood sugar regulation
fluid balance
homeostasis
electrolyte balance

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steroid hormone action vs AA hormone regulation

steroid hormones enter the cell and binds to receptor in nucleus

AA hormones cant enter cell and bind to a receptor on the cell membrane which activates proteins within the cell to carry the signal to the nucleus

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central nervous system

located in brain and spinal cord to respond to sensory information

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peripheral nervous system

extends from CNS and carries message from CNS throughout the body

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what nervous cells make up the PNS

nerves
ganglia

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enteric nervous system

nervous system withing the GIT

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where is the area for appetite control located in the brain

arcuate nucleus

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how do POMC and CART impact appetite

they release melanocyte stimulating hormone to decrease food intake

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how do AgRP and NYP affect appetite

they increase food intake

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feedback from organs that cause decrease in food intake
(name the organ and what it releases)

SI: CCK, GLP
LI: OXM, PYY
pancreas: insulin
fat: leptin

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feedback from organs that cause increase in food intake
(name the organ and what it releases)

SI: motlin
stomach: ghrelin

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two major hormones in the stomach

gastrin
somatostatin

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actions of gastrin in the stomach

-produce G-cells in pyloric region
-released by nutrient sensing protein
-stimulate HCl secretion

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action of somatostatin in the stomach

inhibit gastrin secretion

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what 3 ways can HCL secretion be stimulated

-G cell–>gastrin
-ECL cell–>histamine
-histamine or gastrin acts on parietal cell

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functions of insulin throughout the body

-glucose uptake and utilization
-increase lipogenesis
-decrease glucose output from liver

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how does eating vs fasting affect glucagon and insulin levels

inversely
fasting: increase glucagon, decrease insulin

feeding: decrease glucagon, increase insulin

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what adrenal cortex zone is responsible for glucocorticoid production

zona fascuculata

what are the catecholamines

epinephrine
norepinephrine

function of catecholamines

BG homeostasis
nutrient mobilization

function of glucocorticoids(cortisol)

catabolic hormones
stimulate substrate utilization
affect insulin levels

dexamethasone treatment possible issues

causes insulin levels to rise, can be an issue if given to horses with already high insulin

pituitary hormones

growth hormone thyroid stimulating hormone

thyroid hormones

thyroxine(T4) T3

function of T3

regulate all bodily cells by deciding how much energy they expend

how is T4 activated to T3

de-ionized in liver, kidneys, muscle, and fat

equine endocrine diseases

hypothyroidism insulin dysregulation equine metabolic syndrome PPID

hypothyroidism definition and traits

-inability of thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone when stimulated -very rare in adult horses

what is the issue with diagnosing on a single "point in time" sample? what disease is most over diagnosed through it?

-other factors could cause temporary inflation and do not provide accurate information -hypothyroidism is most over diagnosed

what is the only way hypothyroidism should be diagnosed

thyroid function test

what thyroid issue is rare unless iatrogenic

hyperthyroidism

what is a common treatment for thyroid issues? what are drawbacks of this treatment?

Thyro-l -it can provide energy but will often decrease cardiac output

clinical signs of hyperthyroidism

weight loss hyperexcitability polyphagia tachycardia polydisia

goiter definition and main issue

enlarged thyroid gland -swelling occludes trachea and esophagus

why does ID and EMS increase risk of laminitis

high insulin in blood binds to insulin receptors in laminae, causing them to inflame

T/F ID horses have greater seasonal insulin level fluctuation than NID horses

TRUE

when is a good time to turn out ID horses

when sugar in grass is low (2am-7am)

what is the proposed insulin threshold for laminitis

200 ulU/mL

ways to prevent laminitis(particularly in ID horses)

-<.10 g NSC/kg BW in concentrate feeds per meal

T/F all ID horses will be fat

FALSE. they wont be fat if they dont also have EMS

what human disease is most similar to PPID

parkinsons

what age does PPID generally present

greater than 15 years old

what percent of senior horses have PPID

30%

what damages dopamine related neurons and induces PPID

pars intermedia hyperplasia

how to test for PPID

inject TRH and test ACTH response

what is often given to treat PPID

pergolide

secondary complications of PPID

loss of topline muscle chronic laminitis