digestion and absorption

Question 1

the six nutrients

Answer 1

carbohydrates
fats
proteins
vitamins
minerals
water

Question 2

definition of digestion

Answer 2

breakdown of large molecules into simpler chemical compounds that can be absorbed

Question 3

four primary processes of digestion

Answer 3

mechanical
chemical
enzymatic
microbial

Question 4

prehension

Answer 4

horses grasp food with upper lip and incisors

Question 5

effect of mobile lips

Answer 5

allows horses to be very selective

Question 6

effect of horses having top and bottom incisors

Answer 6

they can eat closer to the ground than cows

Question 7

what acts as a funnel for water

Answer 7

tongue

Question 8

which jaw is wider than the other

Answer 8

upper jaw is wider

Question 9

what motion do horses chew in? what is the impact of this?

Answer 9

circular. causes hooks/uneven grinding of teeth

Question 10

what size can horses reduce feed to

Answer 10

<2 mm

Question 11

factors effecting amount of chewing and rate of intake

Answer 11

amount of processing
amount of water
forage maturity

Question 12

T/F horses only produce saliva when food is in the mouth

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

how much saliva do horses produce in a day

Answer 13

10 gallons

Question 14

what common salivary enzyme do horses lack

Answer 14

salivary amylase

Question 15

what percent of performance horses develop stomach ulcers

Answer 15

> 90%

Question 16

what glands produce saliva

Answer 16

sublingual gland
submaxillary gland
parotid gland

Question 17

what side of the horse is the esophagus on

Answer 17

left

Question 18

how long is the esophagus

Answer 18

5 ft

Question 19

T/F horses can breath through their mouth

Answer 19

FALSE

Question 20

what happens if food enters the lungs

Answer 20

pneumonia

Question 21

what digestive tract conduit has cartilage rings to keep it open

Answer 21

trachea

Question 22

T/F horses taste is similar to humans

Answer 22

FALSE. breathing is separate from eating which changes the taste

Question 23

choke definition

Answer 23

obstruction of esophagus(not airway)

Question 24

what are possible harms caused by choke

Answer 24

-pneumonia
-ulceration(wear down of epithelial cells) of esophagus

Question 25

T/F most choke resolves on its own

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

what can you give if choke doesn't resolve on its own

Answer 26

Banamine to relax muscles

Question 27

causes of choke

Answer 27

poor dentition eating too fast large/hard/dry feed decreased saliva production

Question 28

what makes vomiting difficult/impossible in the horse

Answer 28

-no reverse peristalsis in the esophagus -esophagus enters stomach at low angle -stomach located deep in the body -weak vomiting reflex

Question 29

what separates the glandular and non glandular region of the stomach

Answer 29

Margo plicatus

Question 30

what makes up the non glandular region of the stomach, where is it located(top or bottom?)

Answer 30

esophageal. top of stomach

Question 31

what parts make up the glandular region of the stomach(highest to lowest)

Answer 31

cardiac fundic pyloric

Question 32

what cell type is in the non glandular stomach region

Answer 32

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 33

how does the non glandular region of stomach protect from stomach acid

Answer 33

weak protection from having many layers of cells

Question 34

what is the true gastric part of the stomach

Answer 34

glandular

Question 35

what is secreted in the glandular region of the horse

Answer 35

HCL mucus bicarb pepsin lipase hormones

Question 36

why is HCL secreted in horses continuously

Answer 36

bc they were designed to be continuous grazers

Question 37

where specifically are pepsin and lipase secreted in the glandular mucosa of the stomach

Answer 37

fundic region

Question 38

what is HCL secreted by

Answer 38

parietal cells

Question 39

where are hormones and gastrin secreted in the glandular region

Answer 39

G-cells in pyloric region

Question 40

what protects the stomach from stomach acid in the glandular region

Answer 40

thick layer of mucus

Question 41

pH of non glandular mucosa

Answer 41

5-7

Question 42

pH of glandular mucosa

Answer 42

1-2

Question 43

what causes the decreased pH in the glandular mucosa

Answer 43

gastrin secreted by the pyloric region

Question 44

what is mainly digested in the stomach

Answer 44

protein and fat

Question 45

end product of microbial fermentation of sugar and starch

Answer 45

lactic acid

Question 46

where does microbial fermentation of sugar mainly occur in the stomach

Answer 46

esophageal region

Question 47

what nutrients are absorbed from the stomach

Answer 47

NONE

Question 48

rate of passage in stomach

Answer 48

liquid: 30 min solids: 90 min

Question 49

T/F the larger a meal the faster the stomach emptys

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

why do high starch meals spend more time in the stomach than high fiber meals

Answer 50

starch is digested in the SI not the LI

Question 51

how much surface area does the horses small intestine have

Answer 51

size of half a football field

Question 52

T/F secretion of pancreatic juice and bile into the SI is continuous

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

what enzyme production is lower in horses than other monogastrics

Answer 53

amylase lipase

Question 54

where are enzymes in the small intestine secreted by

Answer 54

pancreas brush border

Question 55

what allows for chemical digestion in the SI

Answer 55

bile from the liver

Question 56

what is the SI the primary site of digestion for

Answer 56

Non structural CHO proteins lipids

Question 57

how much starch do grains contain

Answer 57

50-70% starch

Question 58

how much starch per meal should be fed

Answer 58

0.3