feed manufacturing Flashcards
steps of feed manufacturing
formulation
manufacturing
tagging
regulation
3 ways to formulate a ration
least cost
fixed feed
constant nutrition
what is least cost feed formulation
after setting nutrient requirements, choosing the least expensive ingredients available to meet those requirements
pros and cons of least cost formulation
PROS
-inexpensive
-easy to manufacture
-wide range of available ingredients
CONS
-ingredients can change wildly
-nutrient quality may suffer
-feed tag can not be printed on bag
what is fixed formula
permanent feed recipe
fixed formula pros and cons
PROS
-ingredients can be printed on the bag
-consumers perceive as high quality
CONS
-more expensive
-nutrient values may change
why might nutrient values change with fixed formula even though the recipe is staying the same
because the same plant may not always have the exact same nutrient concentration every time
EX. oats had a range in CP from 8.5%-13%
what is constant nutrition
individual ingredients selected to meet nutrient requirements, but nutrient content of ingredients is tested and formula is adjusted based on current nutrient content
constant nutrition pros and cons
PROS
-consistent nutrients in each bag
CONS
-more expensive
-ingredient lists may change
-customers might not like changing recipes
T/F fixed formula feeds may not always be accurately meeting the nutrient promises listed on the bag
TRUE. due to fluctuations in ingredient nutrient composition
manufacturing feed types
meal
pellet
textured
cooked tub
extruded
what is a meal?
what are its attributes and critical concerns?
loose ingredients mixed with paddle or ribbon mixer
Attributes: uniform flow and consistency
Concerns: uniform distribution of ingredients, liquid application, chance of spoiling due to high surface area
what is a pellet?
what are its attributes and critical concerns?
a meal that has been conditioned the compressed through a die to increase density and particle size
Attributes: durability, reduced fines, uniform product
Concerns: mixing, cant hold much fat
what is mottling in textured feeds
non uniform distribution of liquids
what is textured?
what are its attributes and critical concerns?
blend of coarse ingredients(oats, corn, pellets) coated with molasses or oil
Attributes: appearance, odor, palatability
Concerns: liquid application, keeping it mixed without over processing, mottling
what is the purpose of adding molasses or oil to textured feeds
allows product to remain mixed during travel/prevents it from sifting into layers of ingredients
what is cooked tub
what are its attributes and critical concerns?
it is a molasses based product dehydrated into a solid mass
Attributes: hardness, controlled intake
Concerns: cold flow, wicking, improper moisture. (tub leaking or acting sludge like)
what is extruded
what are its attributes and critical concerns?
a ground meal processed at very high temp and pressure, then cut to a specific size and shape
Attributes: unique shape, size, color, higher fat
Concern: bulk density, moisture content, durability
T/F while feed tags are highly regulated they are not considered legal documents
FALSE
what main bodies regulate feed tags
AAFCO and FDA
what are collective terms? why are they used?
they are slightly more ambiguous(EX: processed grain by-products rather than wheat middlings)
used to allow for items to be shifted around a little more on feed tags
T/F supplements are typically more heavily regulated than feeds since they make drug claims
FALSE. supplements have almost no regulation
what are by-products
nutritional feeds not used for human consumption or made through processing food for human consumption
what 4 things are most by-products derived from
sugar beets
corn
wheat
soybeans
