Feed Selection Flashcards
1
Q
how is energy measured
A
Mcal/lb or Mcal/kg
2
Q
how does structural CHO affect DE
A
as structural CHO increased DE decreases
3
Q
how does nonstructural CHO affect DE
A
as nonstructural CHO increases so does energy
4
Q
what type of feed bags will put fiber from NSC on the feed tag
A
feeds made for horses with particularly low NSC requirements
5
Q
what unit are macro vs micro minerals listed under
A
macro: %
micro: ppm or mg/kg
6
Q
what unit are vitamins listed under
A
IU/lb or IU/kg
7
Q
general crude fiber of roughages
A
> 18%
8
Q
what percent of roughages is CHO, fat, protein, and vitamins/minerals
A
CHO: >70%
Fat: <3%
protein: 6-24%
vitamins/minerals: variable
9
Q
what is fiber needed for(general) in the horse
A
motility and digestive function of GIT
10
Q
T/F warm season grasses and legumes are less nutrient dense than cool season grasses
A
TRUE
11
Q
warm season grasses
A
Bahiagrass
bermudagrass
digitgrass
12
Q
cool season grasses
A
timothy
orchardgrass
bromegrass
fescue
13
Q
what cool season grass can cause abortion in pregnant mares
A
fescue
14
Q
warm season legumes
A
rhizona perennial peanut
alyce clover
15
Q
cool season legumes
A
alfalfa
clover
16
Q
difference between grasses and legumes
A
legumes are leafier and grasses are stemmier
17
Q
forage cereals
A
oats
rye
wheat
pearl millet
18
Q
what factors affect nutrient composition of forage
A
type of forage
maturity of forage
fertilization practices
harvesting method
storage method
location/soil quality
19
Q
what horse would low quality forage be best for
A
one with low energy requirements or overweight
20
Q
what stage of maturity is higher quality forage
A
less mature
21
Q
factors to consider for hay selection relating to maturity
A
presence/absence of seedheads
leaf:stem ratio
leaf shatter
stem diameter
hay cutting
22
Q
T/F the 3rd cutting of the year is generally more mature than the 1st cutting
A
FALSE. it is less mature
23
Q
factors affecting hay selection based on visual appraisal
A
grassy smell
no mold
consistent weight of bales
free of trash
green
24
Q
T/F horses typically prefer leaves over stems
A
TRUE
25
T/F horses typically find warm season grasses more palatable
FALSE. they prefer cool season
26
why can processed hay lead to increased risk of choke or ulcers
they are chewing less leading to decreased saliva and buffering capacity
27
advantages of processed forage
less sorting
less waste
decreased intestinal fill
less storage space used
minimal dust
faster ROP but equal digestibility
less chewing
28
disadvantages of processed forage
-can be eaten faster
-may increase incidence of choke
-boredom can develope stereotypies
-more expensive
29
blister beetles
-forage they're found in
-when they're most prominent
-causative substance
-minimum lethal dose
Forage: alfalfa
Prominent: summer-early fall
Substance: cantharidin
lethal dose; 125 beetles
30
T/F alfalfa can cause kidney problems
FALSE. it can not cause problems that are not already there
31
what mold can infect red clover? what are its symptoms
black patent mold
produces slaframine that causes excessive salivation
32
cumarin mold
-forage they're found in
-what does it cause
found in sweet clover
causes dicoumarol which prevents blood clotting
33
what is produced by tall fescue
endophyte
34
how to decrease risk of colic from bermudagrass
feed 1 flake alfalfa per flake of coastal
35
what millet contains a toxin that causes kidney and joint problems
foxtail millet
36
what toxic substance does sorghum/johnsongrass produce?
what does it cause in horses?
prussic acid(cyanide)
causes cystitis in horses
37
T/F DE of beet pulp is better than hay
TRUE
38
how is beet pulp made
from the material left over after sugar is extracted from beets
39
T/F beet pulp is low in fiber/pectin and calcium
FALSE. it is high in them
40
T/F beet pulp should never be fed dry
FALSE. it can be fed dry, horses may find it less palatable though
41
what percent of the roughage portion of the diet can beet pulp be
up to 1/2
42
what are hulls
outside fibrous portion of grain kernal
43
what is the exception to hulls being higher in fiber and lower in digestibility
SB hulls which have quality close to good grass hay
44
T/F DE of hulls is not well known
TRUE
45
common grains for horses
oats
corn
barley
46
what percent of oats is NSC?
corn?
oats: 55%
corn: 75%
47
what vitamin in corn high in
vitamin A
48
how does DE, NSC, and fiber in grains compare to forage
DE and NSC are greater
fiber is less
49
comparative fiber concentration of oats, barley, and corn
oats > barley > corn,wheat
50
fat and protein concentration in grains
Fat: <3%
protein: 9-12%
51
T/F more oat starch is digested in the SI than corn, barley starch
TRUE. more corn, barley starch escapes to LI
52
types of commercial grain products
plain grains
"traditional" mixes
fat-added mixes
fiber-added mixes
fat-and-fiber added mixes
53
ingredients of fat and fiber added mixes
traditional mix
fat source
fiber source
54
crude protein, fiber, and fat of fat and fiber added mixes
protein: 10-16%
fiber: >8%
fat: >5%
55
how does DE of fat and fiber added mixes compare to that of traditional mixes
they are similar
56
what should selection of grain mix be based on
DE and CP needs
57
what percent of dietary DM should grain be
<50%
58
what level of needed CP might horses need grain added to their diet
14% and 16-18% CP groups
-moderate to heavy work
-weanlings and broodmares late gestation
59
consequences of heavy grain intake
obesity
hyperactivity/nervousness
DOD
digestive upset
60
what is DOD
developmental orthopedic disease
-horse develops joint issues(osteochondrosis) due to rapid weight gain from overfeeding DE
61
what are complete feeds
-combo of roughage and grains
-similar to fiber added grain mix but higher fiber
62
guaranteed analysis on feed tag of complete feeds(CP, Crude fiber, Crude fat)
CP: 12-14%
Crude fiber: 18%
Crude Fat: <4%
63
when would complete feeds be good
for older horses or while traveling
64
feeding recommendation of complete feeds
-feed at 1.5-2.5% BW
-can be only feed, but recommended to provide some long stem to increase chew time and prevent boredom
65
nutrient composition of brans(wheat, rice)
-fiber composition closer to oats than forage
-high in P
-rice bran high in fat(20-25%)
66
feeding application for brans
1-3 lbs/day
must balance excess P with Ca
67
what is the main ingredient of electrolytes
salt
68
which vitamins cant be synthesized by the horse?
A, and E
69
what vitamins can the horse synthesize
D, K, C, and B vitamins
70
when is vitamin A supplementation needed
when horse is not allowed to graze
71
when is vitamin E supplementation needed
when horse cant graze or is stressed
72
what is vitamin C used for
immune function and antioxidant
73
why do you want to be careful of not heavily supplementing vitamin C
the horses body can become reliant on supplementation and stop naturally producing it
74
T/F targeting a single vitamin or mineral for supplementation is generally recommended
FALSE. its safer to provide complete vitamin/mineral supplement
75
downsides of supplementing minerals using mineral blocks
-difficult to asses and control intake
-may only work if the horse is only marginally deficient
76
how much loose mineral supplementation should be fed daily? what is the approximate intake when fed free-choice
range: 1-4 oz/day
free choice: around 2 oz/day
77
typical feed range for ration balancing pellets
1-3 lbs/day
78
what is contained in ration balancing pellets
protein, minerals, and vitamins
79
above what protein level are ration balancing pellets will provide significant protein supplementation? below what level will it not?
good protein: >25%
low protein: <12%
80
when is mineral/vitamin supplement needed
-all forage diet
-questionable forage quality
-feeding only a few pounds of commercial grain
81
how much more energy does fat/oil contain than grain
2-3x more
82
fat level of
oils/tallow
flax
hay/grain
oils/tallow: 100%
flax: 38%
hay/grain: <5%
83
whats included in probiotics
-live microbes and bacteria
-media culture was grown in
-digestive enzymes secreted by microbes
84
when might probiotics be needed
after sickness and possibly surgery
85
T/F there is no research showing zinc-methionine strengthens hoof walls
TRUE
86
how long does it take to see effects of biotin
6+ months
87
therapeutic dose of biotin
15-30 mg/day
88
neutraceuticals(and what they do)
joint supplements
ergogenic aids(energy boost)
immune boosters
calming agents
89
why are herbs generally avoided
-they are more drugs-like than feed-like
-they may have negative interactions with other feeds/medications
90
general protein levels of grain
10-18%
91
relationship between protein level and minerals
as protein increases more minerals are added
92
forms of grain based products
textured
sweet feeds
pellets
extruded
93
pros and cons of textured feeds
textured may attract more flies, but it will hold top dressings better
94
T/F its important to pay attention to the differing starch concentrations between pellets and textured feeds
FALSE. the difference is not great enough to really matter
95
crude protein, fiber, and fat levels of plain grain
CP: 10-12%
fiber: <7%
fat<3%
96
ingredients of traditional mixes
grain
protein
minerals/vitamins
97
crude protein, fiber, and fat levels of traditional mixes
CP: 10-18%
fiber: <7%
fat: <4%
98
crude protein, fiber, and fat levels of fat added mixes
CP: 10-18%
fiber: <7%
fat: 5-12%
99
why is electrolyte paste better than powder
it is absorbed directly into the bloodstream
100
what supplement has been shown to decrease post exercise inflammation
yeast culture
101
why do oral joint supplements not work
they are broken down before they get to the joint
102
why do you need to be carful about injecting joint supplements
it can introduce infection into the joint and permanently disable the horse
