Carbohydrates

Question 1

what is a calorie

Answer 1

the energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1°C

Question 2

how many calories does the average horse need daily

Answer 2

16,700

Question 3

what feeds are ultimately metabolized to ATP

Answer 3

carbohydrates
fat
protein

Question 4

insoluble fibers

Answer 4

hemicellulose
cellulose

Question 5

soluble fibers

Answer 5

pectin
glucans
fructans
gums/mucilages

Question 6

what makes up the intracellular cement of plant walls

Answer 6

pectin
gums

Question 7

what type of grass is high in fructans

Answer 7

cool season grasses

Question 8

T/F fructans are not easily absorbed by horses

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

two main simple sugars

Answer 9

glucose
fructose

Question 10

T/F simple sugars are high in plants

Answer 10

FALSE

Question 11

what makes up 75-85% of starch in plants

Answer 11

amylopectin

Question 12

what are NSCs between 3-10 sugars referred to as

Answer 12

oligosaccharides

Question 13

most common oligosaccharides

Answer 13

fructans
a-galactosides

Question 14

3 fractions of van soest analysis

Answer 14

-water soluble CHO
-ethanol soluble CHO
-starch

Question 15

what are ethanol soluble CHO

Answer 15

CHO digested in SI

Question 16

water soluble CHOs

Answer 16

simple sugars
fructans

Question 17

what is the issue with proximate analysis

Answer 17

it only tells you crude fiber which gives no info on fiber quality

Question 18

components of NDF

Answer 18

cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin

Question 19

components of ADF

Answer 19

cellulose
lignin

Question 20

T/F NDF is an indicator of intake in horses

Answer 20

FALSE

Question 21

T/F ADF is an indicator of quality

Answer 21

TRUE. as ADF increases digestibility decreases

Question 22

what form can starch/sugar be absorbed in

Answer 22

monosaccharides

Question 23

what monosaccharide is preferred for absorption

Answer 23

glucose

Question 24

function of SGLT, what type of transport is it?

Answer 24

active transport from lumen of SI to blood

Question 25

function of GLUT transports

Answer 25

passive transport from blood to tissues

Question 26

location of GLUT 1

Answer 26

brain placenta eyes testes

Question 27

location of GLUT 2

Answer 27

liver SI kidney pancreatic B-cells

Question 28

location of GLUT 3

Answer 28

brain parenchymal cells

Question 29

location of GLUT 4

Answer 29

insulin dependent cells

Question 30

function of GLUT 5

Answer 30

fructose transport

Question 31

function of GLUT 6-12

Answer 31

tissue and cell-specific expression

Question 32

what is leaky gut? what can it lead to?

Answer 32

tight junction cells are no longer tight, can lead to decreased digestion and increased risk of colic

Question 33

priority of absorbed glucose(highest to lowest)

Answer 33

highest: glycogen storage provide energy fat storage

Question 34

why is glycogen storage so important for horses

Answer 34

it provides quick access to energy

Question 35

where is glycogen stored

Answer 35

skeletal muscle and liver

Question 36

how is glucose stored as fat

Answer 36

stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue

Question 37

job of glucagon

Answer 37

-stimulate glycogen breakdown -stimulate adrenal glands

Question 38

purpose of the glycemic index

Answer 38

-formulate diets in diabetics -determine glucose/insulin response

Question 39

how in AUC calculated for glycemic index

Answer 39

plasma glucose plotted against time

Question 40

what is the intermediate compound to all VFAs

Answer 40

pyruvate

Question 41

how are VFAs absorbed

Answer 41

passively

Question 42

where are VFAs produced from starch

Answer 42

hindgut

Question 43

amount of starch that should be fed/kg BW/meal -normal? -ulcer prone? -metabolic disease/laminitic prone?

Answer 43

normal: <2 g ulcer: <1 g MD/Laminitic: <0.3 g

Question 44

minimum daily forage requirement

Answer 44

1% BW(DM)

Question 45

maximum grain intake per meal

Answer 45

0.05% BW