Carbohydrates Flashcards
what is a calorie
the energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1°C
how many calories does the average horse need daily
16,700
what feeds are ultimately metabolized to ATP
carbohydrates
fat
protein
insoluble fibers
hemicellulose
cellulose
soluble fibers
pectin
glucans
fructans
gums/mucilages
what makes up the intracellular cement of plant walls
pectin
gums
what type of grass is high in fructans
cool season grasses
T/F fructans are not easily absorbed by horses
TRUE
two main simple sugars
glucose
fructose
T/F simple sugars are high in plants
FALSE
what makes up 75-85% of starch in plants
amylopectin
what are NSCs between 3-10 sugars referred to as
oligosaccharides
most common oligosaccharides
fructans
a-galactosides
3 fractions of van soest analysis
-water soluble CHO
-ethanol soluble CHO
-starch
what are ethanol soluble CHO
CHO digested in SI
water soluble CHOs
simple sugars
fructans
what is the issue with proximate analysis
it only tells you crude fiber which gives no info on fiber quality
components of NDF
cellulose
hemicellulose
lignin
components of ADF
cellulose
lignin
T/F NDF is an indicator of intake in horses
FALSE
T/F ADF is an indicator of quality
TRUE. as ADF increases digestibility decreases
what form can starch/sugar be absorbed in
monosaccharides
what monosaccharide is preferred for absorption
glucose
function of SGLT1
active transport from lumen of SI to blood
function of GLUT transports
passive transport from blood to tissues
location of GLUT 1
brain
placenta
eyes
testes
location of GLUT 2
liver
SI
kidney
pancreatic B-cells
location of GLUT 3
brain parenchymal cells
location of GLUT 4
insulin dependent cells
function of GLUT 5
fructose transport
function of GLUT 6-12
tissue and cell-specific expression
what is leaky gut? what can it lead to?
tight junction cells are no longer tight, can lead to decreased digestion and increased risk of colic
priority of absorbed glucose(highest to lowest)
highest: glycogen storage
provide energy
fat storage
why is glycogen storage so important for horses
it provides quick access to energy
where is glycogen stored
skeletal muscle and liver
how is glucose stored as fat
stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue
job of glucagon
-stimulate glycogen breakdown
-stimulate adrenal glands
purpose of the glycemic index
-formulate diets in diabetics
-determine glucose/insulin response
how in AUC calculated for glycemic index
plasma glucose plotted against time
what is the intermediate compound to all VFAs
pyruvate
how are VFAs absorbed
passively
where are VFAs produced from starch
hindgut
amount of starch that should be fed/kg BW/meal
-normal?
-ulcer prone?
-metabolic disease/laminitic prone?
normal: <2 g
ulcer: <1 g
MD/Laminitic: <0.3 g
minimum daily forage requirement
1% BW(DM)
maximum grain intake per meal
0.05% BW
