Working Memory & Elaborating on Long-Term Memory - Chapter 7

Question 1

The Working Memory Model

Answer 1

• A more nuanced elaboration on the short-term memory component of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model
  Central Executive
  ↓
  Phonological Loop or Episodic Buffer or Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 2

Central Executive

Answer 2

Watch traffic, now listen to radio, now watch traffic, call that number

Question 3

Phonological Loop (Example)

Answer 3

Repeating to self:
- 1-800-555-HITS
- 1-800-555-HITS
- 1-800-555-HITS
- 1-800-555-HITS

Question 4

Episodic Buffer (Example)

Answer 4

• Understanding the context, blending information
• I need to pass this car so I can pull over and find my phone to call that number - quick!

Question 5

Visuospatial Sketchpad (Example)

Answer 5

Understanding the flow of traffic

Question 6

The Phonological Loop

Answer 6

• Storage component that relies on rehearsal and stores information as sounds
  
  • Phonological store and
    articulatory control process
• Word-length effect
  
  • People remember more one syllable words than four or five-syllable words
• Length of the loop (~2 sec)

Question 7

The Visuospatial Sketchpad

Answer 7

• Storage component that
  maintains visual images and
  spatial layouts
  
  • Feature binding:
    - Visual chunking

Question 8

The Episodic Buffer

Answer 8

• Storage component that combines the images and sounds from the other two
  components into coherent episodes
• Proposed to link other systems to LTM

Question 9

The Central Executive

Answer 9

The control center of working memory that coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage components

Question 10

Long-Term Memory Systems (1)

Answer 10

Long-Term Memory
↓
Declarative
↓
Semantic or Episodic

Question 11

Long-Term Memory Systems (2)

Answer 11

Long-Term Memory
↓
Nondeclarative
↓
Procedural or Conditioning

Question 12

Declarative (explicit) Memories

Answer 12

Conscious memories

Question 13

Nondeclarative (implicit) Memories

Answer 13

Not dependent on conscious awareness

Question 14

Declarative Memories

Answer 14

1. Semantic Memories
2. Episodic Memories

Question 15

Semantic Memories

Answer 15

Memories that include our
general knowledge and
facts about the world

Question 16

Episodic Memories

Answer 16

Memories for personal
experiences recalled from
a first-person perspective
§ ‘Mental time travel’

Question 17

Nondeclarative Memories

Answer 17

1. Classical conditioning
2. Procedural Memories

Question 18

Procedural Memories

Answer 18

• Include pattern of muscle movements (muscle memory)
  
  • Skill learning

Question 19

Priming

Answer 19

• Previous exposure to a stimulus can influence our later behaviour
• Semantic knowledge can
  be implicitly primed
  
  • Word-stem completion