Workbook - The foot Flashcards
What bones form the ankle joint? (3)
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Talus
What are the tibia and fibula held together by distally?
Tibiofibular ligaments.
What is the socket formed by the distal tibia and fibula called?
Mortise.
What are the bones of the foot?
- Talus
- Calcaneus (post)
- Navicular (med)
- Cuboid (lat)
- 3 Cuneiforms (med)
- 5 Metatarsals
- 14 phalanges (2 on great toe, 3 on other toes)
What are the small bones/outgrowths on the distal end of metatarsal 1?
Sesamoid bones.
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial hinge joint.
What movements are possible at the ankle?
- Dorsiflexion, 45* (ant compartment)
- Plantarflexion, 20* (post compartment)
- Inversion, 30*
- Eversion, 20*
What ligaments strengthen the ankle posteriorly? (2)
-Posterior tibiofibular ligament
-Posterior talofibular ligament
(-Calcaneal tendon)
What ligaments strengthen the ankle medially? (2)
- Deltoid ligament (post tinulotalar & tibulocalcaneal)
- Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
What ligament strengthens the ankle medially/posteriorly?
Calcaneofibular ligament.
What are the 2 intertarsal joints?
- Subtalar joint
- Transverse talar joint
What is the subtarsal joint formed by?
Talus and calcaneus bones.
What movements are possible are the subtarsal joint?
- Inversion (tibialis anterior and posterior)
- Eversion (fibularis longus and brevis)
What is the transverse talar joint formed by?
2 articulations:
- calcaneus and cuboid bones
- navicular and talus bones
How many arches are there in the foot?
Three.
-1 transverse, 2 longitudinal
What supports the longitudinal arches in the foot?
PASSIVE - plantar aponeurosis, short/long plantar ligaments, plantar calcaneal ligament
DYNAMIC - flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, intrinsic plantar muscles
What supports the transverse arch in the foot?
PASSIVE - wedge shaped cuneiform
DYNAMIC - fibularis longus, tibialis posterior
What is pes planus?
Flat foot.
-due to lowered/flattened longitudinal arch
What usually causes pes planus?
Loose/degenerating ligaments.
Which bone is often displaced with pes planus?
Talus.
-displaced inf/med
What are the intrinsic extensor muscles on the dorsum of the foot? (2)
- Extensor halucis brevis
- Extensor digitorum brevis
What artery is located on the dorsum of the foot?
Dorsalis pedis artery.
Which nerves supply the dorsal aspect of the foot? (2)
- Superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)
- Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
What is the motor innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
-Lateral compartment of the leg
What is the sensory innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
- Most of skin over dorsum of foot (apart from webbing between toes 1 and 2)
- Ant/lat distal 1/3 of leg
What is the motor innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
- Anterior compartment of the leg
- Intrinsic extensor muscles of the foot (EDB, EHB)
What is the sensory innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
Triangular region between 1st and 2nd toes.
Which nerves supply the skin of dorsum of the foot ? (4)
SUPERFICIAL FIBULAR - most of dorsum of foot
DEEP FIBULAR - region between 1st and 2nd toes
SURAL - lateral leg/foot/little toe, lateral malleolus
SAPHENOUS - ant/med leg, medial malleolus
Where are the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the foot located?
In the plantar aspect.
-sole of foot
How many layers is the plantar aspect of the foot arranged into?
4 layers of muscles.
What is superficial to the 1st layer of muscles in the plantar aspect of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis.
What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis of the foot?
Supports longitudinal arched of the foot and protects deeper structures in the sole.
-fibres diverge anteriorly and form digital bands»_space; toes
What are the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot? (2)
- Extensor digitorum brevis
- Extensor digitorum hallucis
Which muscles are in the 1st layer of the plantar aspect of the foot? (3)
Medial»_space; lateral:
- Adductor hallucis
- Flexor digitorum brevis
- Abductor digiti minimi
What is the common origin of the muscles in the 1st layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
Calcaneal tuberosity.
-have other origins too
What is the common nerve supply of the muscles in the 1st layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
Medial plantar nerve (S1-3).
-branch of tibial nerve
What muscles are in the 2nd layer of the plantar aspect of the foot? (4)
- Flexor hallucis longus tendon
- Flexor digitorum longus tendons
- Lumbrical muscles
- Quadratus plantae muscles
What muscles are in the 3rd layer of the plantar aspect of the foot? (3)
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- Adductor hallucis (transverse & oblique head)
What muscles are in the 4th (deepest) layer of the plantar aspect of the foot? (7)
- 3 plantar interossei
- 4 dorsal interossei
Where are the interossei located?
In the spaces between the metatarsal bones.
What are the actions of the interossei?
- Palmar adduct (PAD)
- Dorsal abduct (DAB)
Where is the axis along which interossei adduct/abduct?
Along the 2nd toe.
Which nerves supply the intrinsic muscles of the foot? (2)
- Medial and lateral plantar nerves (all other intrinsic muscles)
- Deep fibular nerve (EDB & EHB - dorsal foot)
What is the innervation to the skin on the plantar aspect of the foot?
- Medial calcaneal nerve (heel)
- Sural nerve (lat edge of heel)
- Saphenous nerve (small area of med foot)
- Medial planter nerve (med foot)
- Lateral plantar nerve (lat foot)
What nerve are the medial calcaneal, medial plantar and lateral plantar nerves all branches of?
Tibial nerve.
What nerve is the saphenous nerve a branch of?
Femoral nerve.
What nerves is the sural nerve formed by?
Tibial and common fibular nerves.
Which arteries supply the sole of the foot? (2)
- Posterior tibial artery
- Dorsalis pedis artery
What is the path of the posterior tibial artery in the foot?
Enters the sole and bifurcates.
» med plantar artery (deep to adductor hallucis)
» lat plantar artery (joins with terminal dorsalis pedis artery»_space; deep plantar arch)
What is the path of the dorsalis pedis artery in the foot?
Enters dorsal foot and travels inferiorly as deep plantar artery. Joins deep plantar arch in sole.
Branches; tarsal arteries, arcuate artery, 1st dorsal metatarsal artery
Which arteries form the deep plantar arch?
Lateral plantar artery, which anastomoses with the dorsalis pedis artery via the deep plantar artery.
What is the dorsalis pedis artery a continuation of?
Anterior tibial artery.
What are the main functions of the arches of the foot?
- Distribute weight
- Give the foot resilience
When do the arches of the foot develop?
Present from birth.
What vein passes anterior to the medial malleolus?
Great saphenous vein.
Is eversion of the foot increased by plantarflexion?
No.
Which muscles produce inversion of the foot?
- Tibilias anterior
- Posterior compartment muscles
Tension in which ligament limits eversion?
Tension in the deltoid (medial) ligament.
Which movement involves the toes pointing towards the head?
Dorsiflexion.
What is another name for the sole of the foot?
Plantar aspect.
