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Yr 2 Movement - term 2 and 3 > Anatomy of the vertebral collumn > Flashcards

Anatomy of the vertebral collumn Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the back?

A

33

30 if you count coccyx as one

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2
Q

How many regions are there in the spine, and what are they called?

A

5

  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccygeal
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3
Q

How many vertebrae are there in each region of the spine?

A 
CERVICAL - 7
THORACIC - 12
LUMBAR - 5
SACRAL - 5
COCCYGEAL - ~4
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4
Q

Which vertebra is most prominent?

A

C7

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5
Q

How much of the vertebral column is made up of inter-vertebral discs?

A

1/4 of the length

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6
Q

What features are there on the vertebral arches? (2)

A
  • pedicles

- lamina

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7
Q

How many articular facets are there on each vertebra?

A

Four

  • 2x superior
  • 2x inferior
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8
Q

How many transverse processes are there on each vertebra?

A

2

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9
Q

How many spinous processes are there on each vertebra?

A

1

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10
Q

Where are the vertebral notches located?

A

Superior and inferior to the pedicles.

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11
Q

What do adjacent vertebral notches form?

A

Intervertebral foramen.

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12
Q

What passes through intervertebral foramen?

A

Spinal nerves.

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13
Q

How do typical cervical vertebrae vary from normal? (3)

A
  • small body
  • bifid transverse process
  • foramina in transverse processes
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14
Q

Why do cervical vertebrae have bifid transverse processes?

A

Muscle attachments

|&raquo_space;wide range of movement

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15
Q

What passes through the foramina in cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery and vein

-except C7

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16
Q

Why is dislocation of cervical vertebrae relatively likely?

A

Flat articular surfaces.

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17
Q

What are the different severities of a cervical vertebra dislocation?

A
  • Flexion sprain
  • Sublaxation
  • Complete dislocation
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18
Q

Which 2 cervical vertebrae are atypical?

A
  • Atlas (C1)

- Axis (C2)

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19
Q

Which cervical vertebra has no spinous process or body?

A

Atlas (C1)

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20
Q

What does the atlas consist of posteriorly and anteriorly?

A

Posterior & anterior arches

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21
Q

What do the posterior and anterior arches of the atlas (C1) contain?

A

A tubercle and a lateral mass.

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22
Q

Where does the transverse ligament connect to the atlas?

A

Tubercle on the medial surface of the lateral mass.

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23
Q

What is the function of the transverse ligament (atlas)?

A

Holds the dens of the axis in place.

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24
Q

What are the 2 large flat surfaces on the superior surface of the axis called?

A

Superior articular facets.

-atlas rotates upon them

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25
Q

What is another name for the dens?

A

Odontoid process.

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26
Q

What holds the dens in place, and what does this prevent?

A

The transverse ligament of atlas.

-prevents horizontal displacement

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27
Q

Why is the dens prone to fracture?

A

Less dense bone.

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28
Q

What causes dens fractures?

A
  • Hyperextension

- Hyperflexion

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29
Q

What shape is a thoracic vertebral body?

A

Heart-shaped

30
Q

What does the thoracic vertebral body contain superiorly and inferiorly?

A

Costal demi-facets.

-for articulation with head of rib

31
Q

Describe the spinous process of throacic vertebrae.

A
  • Long

- Extends postero-inferiorly

32
Q

What feature does the transverse process of thoracic vertebrae contain?

A

Costal facet.

-for articulation with tubercle of rib

33
Q

Which direction do thoracic articular facets face?

A

SUP&raquo_space; posteriorly.

INF&raquo_space; anteriorly.

34
Q

Which costal demi-facets do ribs articulate with?

A

SUPERIOR demi-facet of corresponding vertebra.

INFERIOR demi-facet of vertebra above.

35
Q

Describe the body, transverse processes and spinous process of lumbar vertebrae.

A

BODY - large
SPINOUS PROCESS - short & sturdy
TRANSVERSE PROCESSES - small (don’t articulate with ribs)

36
Q

Which direction do the articular facets of lumbar vertebrae face?

A

SUP&raquo_space; medially

INF&raquo_space; laterally

37
Q

What runs through the sacral canal?

A

Spinal nerves.

-but not spinal cord

38
Q

What passes through anterior sacral foramina?

A

Anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves.

39
Q

What passes through posterior sacral foramina?

A

Posterior (dorsal) rami of spinal nerves.

40
Q

What are the lateral projections of the sacrum called?

A

Ala.

41
Q

What do ala (sacrum) articulate with?

A

Ilium (pelvis).

|&raquo_space;sacroiliac joint

42
Q

How many vertebrae form the coccyx?

A

4 vertebrae.

- fuse into 1

43
Q

What 3 structures hold vertebrae together?

A
  • Zygapophysial joints
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Ligaments
44
Q

Where are zygapophysial joints located?

A

Between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.

45
Q

What is the outer ring of intervertebral discs called?

A

Annulus fibrosis.

46
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis?

A

Outer fibrocartilage ring attached to the epiphysial rim of vertebral body.

47
Q

What is the inner ring of intervertebral discs called?

A

Nucleus pulposus.

48
Q

What is the nucleus pulplosus made of?

A

Gelatinous substance.

-acts as a shock absorber

49
Q

How does the thickness of intervertebral discs affect their flexibility?

A

Thicker discs&raquo_space; increased range of movement.

50
Q

What are the 3 main ligaments of the vertebral column?

A
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Post longitudinal ligament
  • Ant longitudinal ligament
51
Q

What is the function of ligamentum flavum?

A

Binds lamina of adjacent vertebrae.

52
Q

Where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run?

A

C2 to sacrum.

53
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents posterior herniation of intervertebral discs.

54
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run?

A

Occipital bone & C1 to sacrum.

55
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Only ligament to resist hyperextension of the vertebral column.
-all others resist hyperflexion

56
Q

What other ligaments exist in the vertebral column? (3)

A
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Intertransverse ligament
57
Q

What is whiplash?

A

Hyperextension of the cervical neck.

-e.g. car crash

58
Q

Which ligament is torn in whiplash?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament.

59
Q

What can happen with severe whiplash?

A

Part of vertebral body is avulsed & vertebrae dislocate.

|&raquo_space; spinal cord compression

60
Q

What affects movements of the vertebral column? (2)

A
  • Thickness of discs

- Orientation of zygapophysial joints

61
Q

What curvatures of the spine are present in a foetus?

A

Primary.

-secondary develop later

62
Q

What is another name for a primary curvature?

A

Kyphosis.

63
Q

Which regions of the spine have kyphosis (1* curvature)?

A

Thoracic

Sacral

64
Q

What is another name for a secondary curvature?

A

Lordosis.

65
Q

Which regions of the spine have lordosis (2* curvature)?

A

Cervical

Lumbar

66
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal twisting and curvature of the spine.

67
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue.

|&raquo_space;compression fracture

68
Q

Who is osteoporosis most common in?

A

Post-menopausal women.

-lack of oestrogen

69
Q

What are the effects of ageing on vertebrae?

A

Loss of bone density
» concave vertebral bodies
» increased force on rims
»osteophytes develop

70
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Bony projections associated with degeneration of cartilage.

71
Q

What is a possible consequence of ageing on intervertebral discs?

A

Herniation of nucleus pulposus (‘slipped disc’).

- normally posterolaterally between L4/L5 or L5/S1

72
Q

What can herniation of the nucleus pulposus lead to?

A
  • Lower back pain/sciatica

- Cauda equina syndrome

Yr 2 Movement - term 2 and 3 (13 decks)

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