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Yr 2 Movement - term 2 and 3 > The Knee Joint > Flashcards

The Knee Joint Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of knee problems?

A
  • Acute injuries
  • Acute swelling/pain
  • Chronic knee pain/swelling
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2
Q

What sorts of injuries are acute knee injuries?

A

Fracture/tear/sprain.

-e.g. sport injury

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3
Q

What causes acute swelling/pain? (3)

A
  • Acute gout
  • Flare of arthritis (oseto-/rheumatoid)
  • Septic joint
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4
Q

What causes chronic knee pain/swelling? (2)

A
  • Osteoarthritis

- Bursitis

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5
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint.

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6
Q

How many bones make up the knee joint?

A

3.

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7
Q

Which 3 bones make up the knee joint?

A
  • Femur (distal)
  • Tibia (proximal)
  • Patella
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8
Q

Which bone articulates with the tibia but is not a direct part of the knee joint?

A

The fibula.

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9
Q

What are the 3 articulations at the knee joint?

A
  • 2 femorotibial (medial & lateral)

- 1 femoropatellar

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10
Q

What are the 2 expansions at the distal end of the femur?

A

Medial and lateral femoral condyles.

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11
Q

What are the 2 slight expansions at the proximal end of the tibia?

A

Medial and lateral tibial condyles.

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12
Q

What are the flattened surfaces of the proximal tibia called (above the condyles)?

A

Medial and lateral tibial plateaus.

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13
Q

What movements are possible at the knee joint?

A
  • Extension/flexion

- Lateral & medial rotation (leg)

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14
Q

What happens to knee flexion when the hip is extended?

A

Lose some knee flexion due to loss of tension of the hamstrings.

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15
Q

What must occur for rotation of the knee joint? (2)

A
  • Flexion of the knee

- Collateral ligaments relaxed

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16
Q

What is locking of the knee?

A

As the knee approaches full extension, the femur undergoes a few degrees of MEDIAL rotation on the tibia.

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17
Q

Why does locking occur?

A

Produces a very stable position&raquo_space; thigh muscles can relax.

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18
Q

What must occur before the knee can be flexed?

A

Unlocking.

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19
Q

Which muscle ‘unlocks’ the knee, and how?

A

Popliteus muscle.

-laterally rotates the femur

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20
Q

What is the area at the back of the knee called?

A

The popliteal fossa.

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21
Q

Which artery does the popliteal fossa contain?

A

Popliteal artery.

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22
Q

When is the knee joint most stable?

A

During extension.

-most congruence

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23
Q

Why is the knee joint most stable during extension?

A

More congruence.

-more contact between distal femur and proximal tibia

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24
Q

When do a lot of knee injuries tend to occur?

A

During knee flexion.

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25
Q

What deepens the tibial plateaus?

A

Menisci.

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26
Q

What are the menisci?

A

2 C-shaped rings of fibrocartilage (lat&med) that deepen the tibial plateau.

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27
Q

Where are the menisci thickest?

A

Externally.

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28
Q

What are the function of the menisci? (4)

A
  • Increase joint congruency
  • Distribute weight evenly
  • Shock absorption
  • Assist in ‘locking’
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29
Q

What do the external edges of the menisci attach to?

A

Fibrous capsule of the joint.

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30
Q

What is the medial menisci attached to?

A

Tibial collateral ligament.

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31
Q

What causes meniscal tears?

A

Sports injury.

Degenerative changes.

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32
Q

How do meniscal tears occur?

A

Displaced cartilage can become trapped during knee movements.

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33
Q

How are meniscal tears treated?

A

Repair/resection.

34
Q

What are meniscal tears often associated with?

A

Osteoarthritis.

35
Q

What are the main stabilisers of the knee? (2)

A
  • Muscles (main)

- Ligament (extra-/intra-articular)

36
Q

What are intra-articular ligaments?

A

Ligaments inside the joint capsule.

-Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

37
Q

What are extra-axial ligaments?

A

Ligament outside the joint capsule.

-fibular and tibial collateral ligaments

38
Q

Which ligament is firmly attached to the medial meniscus?

A

Tibial collateral ligament.

39
Q

What are the main ligaments of the knee joint?

A
  • Cruciate ligaments (post/ant)

- Collateral ligaments (tibial/fibular)

40
Q

What do the cruciate ligaments do the centre of the knee joint?

A

Cross over each other.

-hold knee together

41
Q

What are the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

-Posterior intercondylar region (tibia)
» sup/ant
-Medial femoral condyle

42
Q

What are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

-Anterior intercondylar region (tibia)
»sup/post
-Lateral femoral condyle

43
Q

Which cruciate ligament is stronger?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament.

44
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A
  • Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia and hyperflexion.
  • Main stabiliser of the flexed knee
45
Q

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia and hyperextension.

46
Q

When can the posterior cruciate ligament be injured?

A

When landing on tibial tuberosity with knee flexed.

47
Q

When can the anterior cruciate ligament be injured?

A
  • When knee is hyperextended

- Force applied anteriorly

48
Q

What are the 2 collateral ligaments?

A
  • Fibular (lateral)

- Tibial (medial)

49
Q

What are the features of the fibular collateral ligament? (2)

A
  • Cord-like band

- Not attached to lateral meniscus

50
Q

What is the function of the fibular collateral ligament?

A

Prevents adduction of leg at knee.

51
Q

What are the feature of the tibial collateral ligament?

A
  • Flat band

- Attached to medial meniscus

52
Q

What is the function of the tibial collateral ligament?

A

Prevent abduction of the leg at the knee.

53
Q

What are the functions of the collateral ligaments?

A

FIBULA - prevents adduction of the leg
TIBIAL - prevents abduction of the leg
BOTH - prevent rotation during knee extension (e.g. standing)

54
Q

What is a combined knee injury also known as?

A

‘The unhappy triad’.

55
Q

What causes a combined knee injury?

A
  • Excessive lateral twisting of flexed knee

- Blow to lateral side of extended knee

56
Q

Which 3 structures are torn with a combined knee injury?

A
  • Tibial collateral ligament
  • Medial meniscus
  • Anterior cruciate liament
57
Q

Which muscles are the main stabilisers of the knee joint?

A
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Sartorius
  • Gracilis
  • Iliotibial tract
58
Q

How can building up the quadriceps with exercise/physio be beneficial to the knee joint?

A

Can compensate for ligament damage and avoid surgery.

59
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs in/around the knee.

60
Q

Which 2 bursae are most important at the knee joint?

A
  • Prepatellar bursa (infront of patella)

- Suprapatellar bursa (above patella)

61
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation/swelling of bursa.

-e.g. carpet fitters

62
Q

What types of injury can occur at the knee joint?

A
  • Bony
  • Meniscal
  • Ligamentous
  • Dislocations
63
Q

Which direction is a patellar dislocation normally?

A

Lateral.

-dependent on position of femur on tibia

64
Q

Which femoral condyle is larger?

A

The lateral femoral condyle.

65
Q

Which muscles contribute to a lateral patellar dislocation by pulling the patella superolaterally? (3)

A
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus lateralis
66
Q

Which muscle pulls the patella medially?

A

Vastus medialis.

67
Q

Who is a patellar dislocation more common in?

A

Females.

68
Q

Why is a patellar dislocation more common in females?

A

Wider pelvis

|&raquo_space; larger Q angle of femur on tibia.

69
Q

What are the 2 main types of abnormal alignment at the knee joint?

A
  • Genu varum (med)

- Genu valgum (lat)

70
Q

What is genu varum?

A

Abnormal medial alignment.

  • tibia adducted with respect to femur
  • AKA bow leg
  • decreased Q angle
71
Q

What is genu valgum?

A

Abnormal lateral alignment.

  • tibia abducted with respect to femur
  • AKA knock knee
  • increased Q angle
72
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone&raquo_space; pain and stiffness.

73
Q

Give 2 possible causes of early-onset osteoarthritis.

A
  • Obesity

- Knee injury

74
Q

What are the main characteristics of osteoarthritis at the knee? (3)

A
  • Osteophytes
  • Decreased joint space (meniscus)
  • Sclerosis (abnormal density&raquo_space; white)
75
Q

What is characteristic of a patella fracture?

A

Patella broken into 2 pieces.

76
Q

What is a patella fracture often confused with?

A

Bipartite patella.

-patella composed of 2 bones as doesn’t fuse during childhood

77
Q

What structures are involved in knee dislocations?

A

Displaced/torn:

  • cruciate ligaments
  • collateral ligaments
  • muscles
78
Q

What are possible complications of knee dislocations?

A

Blood supply and nerve damage.

-popliteal artery

79
Q

What causes tibial plateau fractures?

A

Direct blow to front/side of knee when extended.

80
Q

What do tibial plateau fractures affect?

A

Knee stability and motion.

81
Q

What is a periprosthetic fracture?

A

Broken bone around a knee replacement.

-can cause serious complications

Yr 2 Movement - term 2 and 3 (13 decks)

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