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Maternity & Women's Health > Women's Health > Flashcards

Women's Health Flashcards

1
Q

The female reproductive system consist of which structures?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (endometrium/cervix) & vagina

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2
Q

What holds the ovaries in place?

A

ovarian and broad ligaments

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3
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur within the female reproductive system?

A

the fallopian tubes

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4
Q

The upper portion of the uterus is called?

A

the fundus

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5
Q

The uterus consists of ?

A

endometrium and cervix

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6
Q

Part of the uterus that thickens in preparation for the fertilized egg?

A

the endometrium

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7
Q

What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

luteal and follicular phases

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8
Q

At what point during the menstruation cycle does ovulation usually occur?

A

usually on day 14, but ranges from day 11-18

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9
Q

The first menses is called?

A

menarche

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10
Q

Which hormones influence the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen

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11
Q

Where is FSH and LH released from and why?

A

released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to GnRH

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12
Q

GnRH is released from _____ and does what?

A

released from the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

Which hormone initiates the thickening of the endometrium?

A

estrogen

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14
Q

Which hormone maintains the thickening of the endometrium?

A

progesterone

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15
Q

What does progesterone do during the menstrual cycle?

A

maintains the thickening of the endometrium and inhibits uterine contractions

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16
Q

What is the cause of the cramping felt by females during menstruation?

A

decreasing levels of progesterone allows for uterine contractions causing the cramping

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17
Q

FSH action?

A

development of ovarian follicle and estrogen production from granulosa cells

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18
Q

LH action b4 ovulation?

A

stimulates estrogen release and causes ovulation

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19
Q

LH action after ovulation?

A

stimulates formation of corpus luteum = progesterone and estrogen production/release

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20
Q

Progesterone action?

A
  • maintains thickening of endometrium and inhibits uterine contraction
  • increased levels create a negative feedback loop to decrease GnRH, LH & FSH
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21
Q

Medical term for no menses?

A

Amenorrhea

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22
Q

Criteria needed for a diagnosis of Primary Amenorrhea?

A
  • No menarche or 2ndary sexual charc by 14

- No menarche by 16 regardless of norm growth & development

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23
Q

Secondary Amenorrhea

A

No menses for 3-6 months after period of menstruation

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24
Q

Medical term for difficult/painful menses?

A

Dysmenorrhea

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25
Q

Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by?

A

overproduction of prostaglandin, causing uterine contractions and vasoconstriction

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26
Q

Prostaglandin action?

A

causes uterine contraction and vasoconstriction

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27
Q

Tx for Primary dysmenorrhea?

A

Heat, massage, yoga, acupuncture, exercise, OTCs, OCPs

28
Q

Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by?

A

Pelvic Pathology occurs > 25 y.o.

- endometriosis, PID, myomas (fibroids)

29
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

infrequent menses (> 35 days apart)

30
Q

Menorrhagia

A

regular cycle, with increased & longer bleeding times

31
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

bleeding between periods

32
Q

Menometrorrhagia

A

excessive, irregular bleeding

33
Q

Hypomenorrhea

A

regular cycle, decreased bleeding

34
Q

PMS symptom begin and end in which stages of menstruation?

A

begins in luteal phase, symptoms resolve in follicular phase

35
Q

Diagnostic criteria needed for PMDD diagnosis?

A

≥5 of affective & physical symptoms in the luteal phase which resolve in the follicular phase

36
Q

Normal endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus?

A

endometriosis

37
Q

Main causes of PID?

A

gonorrhea and chlamydia

38
Q

Out Patient Treatment for PID

A
  • Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose &
    Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 14 days
    WITH or WITHOUT
  • Metronidazole 500 mg orally twice a day for 14 days
39
Q

Inpatient Treatment of PID

A
  • Cefotetan 2 g IV q12hrs
    OR
    -Cefoxitin 2 g IV q6hrs & Doxycycline 100 mg orally or IV q12hrs
40
Q

Women should have Pap smears beginning at what age and how often there after?

A
  • begin at age 21, then q 2-3 yrs

- after 30 y/o if no hx of cervical cancer AND 3 normal Paps, then screen q3yrs

41
Q

1st sign of osteoporosis in women?

A

decrease in height

42
Q

Describe the Ovarian Cycle of menstruation?

A

1) primary follicle
2) graafian follicle (estrogen release)
3) ovulation (follicle releases an egg)
4) formation of corpus luteum from empty follicle (estrogen and progesterone)
5) no fertilization/implantation leads to degeneration of corpus luteum

43
Q

Describe the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Cycle of menstruation?

A

1) GnRH released from hypothalamus in response to low estrogen/progesterone
2) FSH & LH release from anterior pituitary in response to GnRH
3) increased estrogen from ovarian follicle and then estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum
4) increased estrogen/progesterone causes decrease in GnRH release

44
Q

What are the phases of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?

A

1) menstruation
2) Proliferative Phase - starts about day 5 after menstruation and lasts until ovulation
3) Secretive Phase - ovulation to about 3 days b4 menstrual period
4) Ischemic Phase

45
Q

Describe the Menstruation phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?

A
  • loss of functional endometrial layer (top 2/3)
46
Q

Describe the Proliferative Phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?

A
  • cycle of rapid growth, new functional layer in about 4 days, starts about day 5 after menstruation and lasts until ovulation
  • is dependent on estrogen from the follicles
47
Q

Describe the Secretive Phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?

A
  • ovulation to about 3 days b4 menstrual period, lg amnts of progesterone, functional lay now present, ready for implantation by end of this phase
48
Q

Describe the Ischemic Phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?

A
  • degeneration of corpus luteum causes decreased estrogen/progesterone, spiral artery spasms block blood flow causing necrosis, functional layer separtes from basal layer, starts day 1 of new menstruation cycle
49
Q

The follicular cycle of menstruation time frame?

A

begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation

50
Q

The luteal cycle of menstruation time frame?

A

begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation

51
Q

What is the avg blood loss during menstruation?

A

30 - 80 mL

52
Q

When does fertilization usually take place?

A

7 - 10 days after ovulation

53
Q

What is the most common GYN problem?

A

dysmenorrhea

54
Q

What is a leiomyoma?

A

uterine fibroid

55
Q

Tx for leiomyomas?

A

laser surgery, myomectomy, hysterectomy
-non cancerous growths in uterus

56
Q

Lab findings of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?

A
  • high estrogen, testosterone & LH

- decreased FSH

57
Q

Tx for polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

diet, exercise and hormonal OCT`

58
Q

Clinical manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

multiple follicular cysts on US, irregular menses, hair on face and chest

59
Q

Why are women with PID at a high risk of ectopic pregnancies?

A

scarr tissue forms and is the cause

60
Q

The highest incidence of breast cancer is in what population?

A

American Caucasion women

61
Q

The highest incidence of breast cancer deaths is in what population?

A

African American women

62
Q

What is needed for a diagnosis of menopause?

A

no meneses for 12 consectutive months

63
Q

At what age does menopause usually occur?

A

around 50 y/o

64
Q

Alternative therapies for Hot flashes/NOC sweats?

A

No alcohol, smoking, spicy foods or cotton nightwear

65
Q

Alternative therapies for Vaginal dryness?

A

Water-based lubricants, Flaxseed in diet

66
Q

The highest incidence of osteoporosis is in what population?

A

Caucasian & Asian women (women w/ small frames)

Maternity & Women's Health (18 decks)

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