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Maternity & Women's Health > Women's Health > Flashcards

Women's Health Flashcards

1
Q

The female reproductive system consist of which structures?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (endometrium/cervix) & vagina

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2
Q

What holds the ovaries in place?

A

ovarian and broad ligaments

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3
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur within the female reproductive system?

A

the fallopian tubes

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4
Q

The upper portion of the uterus is called?

A

the fundus

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5
Q

The uterus consists of ?

A

endometrium and cervix

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6
Q

Part of the uterus that thickens in preparation for the fertilized egg?

A

the endometrium

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7
Q

What are the 2 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

luteal and follicular phases

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8
Q

At what point during the menstruation cycle does ovulation usually occur?

A

usually on day 14, but ranges from day 11-18

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9
Q

The first menses is called?

A

menarche

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10
Q

Which hormones influence the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen

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11
Q

Where is FSH and LH released from and why?

A

released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to GnRH

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12
Q

GnRH is released from _____ and does what?

A

released from the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

Which hormone initiates the thickening of the endometrium?

A

estrogen

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14
Q

Which hormone maintains the thickening of the endometrium?

A

progesterone

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15
Q

What does progesterone do during the menstrual cycle?

A

maintains the thickening of the endometrium and inhibits uterine contractions

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16
Q

What is the cause of the cramping felt by females during menstruation?

A

decreasing levels of progesterone allows for uterine contractions causing the cramping

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17
Q

FSH action?

A

development of ovarian follicle and estrogen production from granulosa cells

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18
Q

LH action b4 ovulation?

A

stimulates estrogen release and causes ovulation

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19
Q

LH action after ovulation?

A

stimulates formation of corpus luteum = progesterone and estrogen production/release

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20
Q

Progesterone action?

A
  • maintains thickening of endometrium and inhibits uterine contraction
  • increased levels create a negative feedback loop to decrease GnRH, LH & FSH
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21
Q

Medical term for no menses?

A

Amenorrhea

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22
Q

Criteria needed for a diagnosis of Primary Amenorrhea?

A
  • No menarche or 2ndary sexual charc by 14

- No menarche by 16 regardless of norm growth & development

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23
Q

Secondary Amenorrhea

A

No menses for 3-6 months after period of menstruation

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24
Q

Medical term for difficult/painful menses?

A

Dysmenorrhea

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25
Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by?
overproduction of prostaglandin, causing uterine contractions and vasoconstriction
26
Prostaglandin action?
causes uterine contraction and vasoconstriction
27
Tx for Primary dysmenorrhea?
Heat, massage, yoga, acupuncture, exercise, OTCs, OCPs
28
Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by?
Pelvic Pathology occurs > 25 y.o. | - endometriosis, PID, myomas (fibroids)
29
Oligomenorrhea
infrequent menses (> 35 days apart)
30
Menorrhagia
regular cycle, with increased & longer bleeding times
31
Metrorrhagia
bleeding between periods
32
Menometrorrhagia
excessive, irregular bleeding
33
Hypomenorrhea
regular cycle, decreased bleeding
34
PMS symptom begin and end in which stages of menstruation?
begins in luteal phase, symptoms resolve in follicular phase
35
Diagnostic criteria needed for PMDD diagnosis?
≥5 of affective & physical symptoms in the luteal phase which resolve in the follicular phase
36
Normal endometrial tissue found outside of the uterus?
endometriosis
37
Main causes of PID?
gonorrhea and chlamydia
38
Out Patient Treatment for PID
- Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM in a single dose & Doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 14 days WITH or WITHOUT - Metronidazole 500 mg orally twice a day for 14 days
39
Inpatient Treatment of PID
- Cefotetan 2 g IV q12hrs OR -Cefoxitin 2 g IV q6hrs & Doxycycline 100 mg orally or IV q12hrs
40
Women should have Pap smears beginning at what age and how often there after?
- begin at age 21, then q 2-3 yrs | - after 30 y/o if no hx of cervical cancer AND 3 normal Paps, then screen q3yrs
41
1st sign of osteoporosis in women?
decrease in height
42
Describe the Ovarian Cycle of menstruation?
1) primary follicle 2) graafian follicle (estrogen release) 3) ovulation (follicle releases an egg) 4) formation of corpus luteum from empty follicle (estrogen and progesterone) 5) no fertilization/implantation leads to degeneration of corpus luteum
43
Describe the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Cycle of menstruation?
1) GnRH released from hypothalamus in response to low estrogen/progesterone 2) FSH & LH release from anterior pituitary in response to GnRH 3) increased estrogen from ovarian follicle and then estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum 4) increased estrogen/progesterone causes decrease in GnRH release
44
What are the phases of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?
1) menstruation 2) Proliferative Phase - starts about day 5 after menstruation and lasts until ovulation 3) Secretive Phase - ovulation to about 3 days b4 menstrual period 4) Ischemic Phase
45
Describe the Menstruation phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?
- loss of functional endometrial layer (top 2/3)
46
Describe the Proliferative Phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?
- cycle of rapid growth, new functional layer in about 4 days, starts about day 5 after menstruation and lasts until ovulation - is dependent on estrogen from the follicles
47
Describe the Secretive Phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?
- ovulation to about 3 days b4 menstrual period, lg amnts of progesterone, functional lay now present, ready for implantation by end of this phase
48
Describe the Ischemic Phase of the Endometrial Cycle of the menstruation?
- degeneration of corpus luteum causes decreased estrogen/progesterone, spiral artery spasms block blood flow causing necrosis, functional layer separtes from basal layer, starts day 1 of new menstruation cycle
49
The follicular cycle of menstruation time frame?
begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation
50
The luteal cycle of menstruation time frame?
begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation
51
What is the avg blood loss during menstruation?
30 - 80 mL
52
When does fertilization usually take place?
7 - 10 days after ovulation
53
What is the most common GYN problem?
dysmenorrhea
54
What is a leiomyoma?
uterine fibroid
55
Tx for leiomyomas?
laser surgery, myomectomy, hysterectomy -non cancerous growths in uterus
56
Lab findings of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome?
- high estrogen, testosterone & LH | - decreased FSH
57
Tx for polycystic ovarian syndrome?
diet, exercise and hormonal OCT`
58
Clinical manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
multiple follicular cysts on US, irregular menses, hair on face and chest
59
Why are women with PID at a high risk of ectopic pregnancies?
scarr tissue forms and is the cause
60
The highest incidence of breast cancer is in what population?
American Caucasion women
61
The highest incidence of breast cancer deaths is in what population?
African American women
62
What is needed for a diagnosis of menopause?
no meneses for 12 consectutive months
63
At what age does menopause usually occur?
around 50 y/o
64
Alternative therapies for Hot flashes/NOC sweats?
No alcohol, smoking, spicy foods or cotton nightwear
65
Alternative therapies for Vaginal dryness?
Water-based lubricants, Flaxseed in diet
66
The highest incidence of osteoporosis is in what population?
Caucasian & Asian women (women w/ small frames)

Maternity & Women's Health (18 decks)

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