women Flashcards
negative - women - symbolic annihilation ideas
tuchman et al - women poorly represented in media
eg women’s achievements
often narrow roles - looks and sex appeal
tunstall - presentation of women is biased - depicted as busy housewives and sex objects
eg this morning and loose women - trivial topics like fashion for housewives when up to 75% working
negative - women - symbolic annihilation - media and radio
martinson et al - few media stories about women’s expertise - politics business ect mainly men
bbc radio 4’s today programme - male
packer et al - 2012 london olympics - 4.5% of articles were related to women’s sports and fell to 2.9% in 2013
however EE campaign - tackling sexism starts with him due to ignoring women’s teams (capitalism? postmodernism consumerism?)
negative - women - symbolic annihilation- journalism
journalists - often talk about how women dress, weight or look
ex leader of scottish national party Nicola Sturgeon - 2015 - newspapers made negative comments about her appearance - feared would put young women off from politics
negative - women - male gaze
Mulvey - male gaze is the way that a camera looks at a woman in the same way a man does - male-dominated media
often presents women an mannequins, tall and thin with perfect teeth and hair
Naomi Wolf - myth of beauty - women’s bodies need constant improvement
negative - women - male gaze - media
Laura Bates - music industry guilty of sexually objectifying women in lyrics and videos eg Blurred Lines 2013
Orbach - media perpetuates idea that skinniness equals success, health and happiness leading to eating disorders and cosmetic surgery
Barnyard - only 5 minutes of exposure to images of women causes feelings of low self-esteem
symbolic annihilation in new media
Dietz - 41% of video games - no female characters - sex objects in 28% of video games
Zoella - maintains traditional gender identities (false needs - Marcuse)
Green and Singleton - women’s participation in communities such as mumsnet reinforce notion women should perform emotion work for family
Stella Creasy labour MP - sexist abuse
Diane Abbott labour mp - racist and sexual abuse - receiving 45% of personal hate comments towards politicians prior to 2017 uk election
asian women - most abused MP
postmodernism
individuals are no longer restricted by gender - social characteristics dont shape identity
Gauntlett - 21st century media aimed at young women - changed from media 20 years ago
- no longer singular message of one type of femininity - girl power eg malala
emphasise women’s independence and strength
2017 - the advertising standards authority launched guidelines on avoiding gender stereotyping
sport england running campaign - this girl can - since 2015
the new media
metoo movement - 2017 - encourages solidarity online
green and singleton - new digital media - women are more empowered - destabilising patriarchy - women can explore identities
Women’s marches in america, Laura Bates’ everyday sexism
- however whitewashed, declined, radical feminist - victim mentality
liberal feminism
media representations - slow to change - cultural lag due to women rarely achieving high positions in media organisations
Mills - newsroom has a male culture which is off-putting to females
2017 - 65% of all news and business articles written in times, financial times, guardian and daily mail by men
women in financial times threatened to strike in 2017 - 13% pay gap
bbc - 5.9%
marxist feminism
roots of stereotypical images - economic - product of media conglomerates
media professionals - usually male - aim to attract largest audience
media presents an image of femininity that is difficult to achieve, capitalist groups are assured profit and growth
diet industry alone is worth 100 billion dollars in USA
radical feminism
media dupes into the beauty myth - Naomi Wolf - women adhere to particular ideal in terms of appearance
encouraged by media to see these as goals central to happiness - false consciousness
patriarchy is a structural force embedded in the media
pluralist
concept of symbolic annihilation underestimates women’s ability to see through gender stereotyping and manipulation
feminists are guilty of stereotyping women as impressionable
media simply reflects social attitudes and tastes - if women were really unhappy at the way they were being represented - would not consume
