sexuality Flashcards
nohomophobes.com
2012
no verstehen
covert - no hawthorne effect
no subjectivity
only represents twitter
no context
spike in 2014 - marriage
problems of defining sexuality
broader definition - sexuality more central to female stereotype in mass media than men - women defined by how attractive they are
in recent times - sexuality more limited meaning - type of sexual partner we choose
media represents heterosexuality as the norm - restrictive definition
by operationalising sexuality into simple categories - sociologists conspiring with conservative attempts to reduce sexuality to simple binary opposition
- categories can offer solutions since it give people who do not feel they share major assumptions of dominant heterosexual mainstream
stereotypes and sexuality
sexuality central to female stereotypes - mass media - male gaze - mulvey
men becoming increasingly sexualised - bodies more on display, cosmetics - metrosexual - adorno m commodity fetish
women still more sexualised than men - growth of porn - radical feminism
heterosexuality still norm
invisibility of homosexuality in media
media rep overwhelmingly hetero
homosexuality seen as source of anxiety or embarrassment leading to teasing and bullying
BATCHELOR - in mainstream young people’s media - lesbianism almost completely invisible
DYER - a major fact about being gay is that it doesn’t show - media constructs stereotypical signs of gayness (facial expressions, clothing) in order to make visible the invisible
leads to labelling irl and bullying
signifiers of gayness in media
Craig - three media signifiers of gayness
- camp - - use of irony and exaggerated by colourful and flamboyant figures of fun
- macho - gay as macho - exaggerating masculinity eg wearing safety helmets
- devient - rarely presented in sympathetic manner
Interactionism - labels on sexuality
could just be what the world looks like - reflects real life
symbolic annihilation of homosexuality
stonewall - LGBT charity - lesbian, gay and bisexual people portrayed in less than 5% of programmes studies and 3/4rd of this in just 4 TV shows
half of all portrayals were of stereotypes and 36% were negative
Stonewall and LGBT.co.uk - 2011 - lesbianism - over-sexualised for men
negative portrayals in the print media
little sign that the UK popular press is providing neutral coverage of LGBT
right-wing press, space is often given to commentators critical of gay lifestyles
case study
Tom Daley - death threats after having child
one in 10 LGBT received anti-LGBT abuse online in last month
- new right functionalist - nuclear family
- pluralist - society may afree
marxism - controversy makes profit
moral panics
sexual often form the basis of moral panics in the media
- often focus of moral practices based around unnatural practices eg AIDs gay plague 1980s
Cricher - reporting of AIDS differed depending on the media
gay and media groups used range of media for balanced view - government launched campaign ‘dont die for ignorance’
the more diversity of LGBT characters
particular true for transgender characters eg grey’s anatomy and orange is the new black
postmodernism
pluralism
the pink economy
now been recognised by advertisers - companies have actively targeted gay and lesbian consumers through gay-positive advertising and marketing campaigns - prevalent during pride
pink economy evaluations
marxism
performative
pinkwashing for profit
instances where companies dipped toes in gay-friendly campaigns but withdraw after backlash eg Heinz in 2008
empowerment in the new media
social media sites - twitter have used to generate support for same sex marriage - USA and Northern Ireland
3.6 million tweets in 2015 used #lovewins
citizen journalism - postmodernism - under-generated content eg Tyler Oakley being open about sexuality
LGBT organisations and individuals constructed websites eg pinknews
empowerment in the new media eval
5.6 million homophobic public tweets tracked between 2012 and 2015
case study - changes
2020 CBBC same-sex kiss - the next step - two women kissed - CBBC spoke out against hate saying proud to reflect all areas of children’s lives
