passive model

Question 1

what is the hypodermic syringe model

Answer 1

believes that a direct correlation exists between violence and anti-social behaviour portrayed in films - eg drug use and teenage knife crime

children and teenagers vulnerable to media content - still in early stages of socialisation

Gerbner - focused on representations of violence in certain types of media - suggested they contribute to violence crime and anti-social forms of behaviour

Question 2

feminist

Answer 2

radical feminists eg Orbach and Wolf - media representations of femininity - causing females to develop eating disorders

Dines - men’s consumption of pornography and men’s magazines - harmful in terms of encouraging sexual objectification and negative attitudes towards women

Question 3

marxist

Answer 3

Marcuse - media transmitted mass culture - directly injected into the hearts and minds of population, making them accepting ruling class propaganda - false class consciousness

candyfloss culture Harvey - love island - speaks to everyone but no one in general

Question 4

functionalism

Answer 4

more positive view of hypodermic syringe model - alongside institutions like family, education and religion

media responsible for boundary maintenance

eg representations of crime reinforce social expectations about normal and abnormal behaviour

Question 5

evaluations

Answer 5

feminists, marxists and functionalists - see media as powerful institutions without taking free will into consideration - deterministic

see audience as passive, without taking into consideration the different ways individuals can interpret media messages

Question 6

supporting evidence

Answer 6

bandura et al - found children imitate violent behaviour - look at psychology

McCabe and Martin - screen violence has a disinhibition effect - lack of restraint caused by lifting the normal rules that govern everyday life - convinces children that in some social situations - norma rules can be suspended eg road rage

Newson - violent images in films too easily available - exposure to screen violence encouraged young audiences to identify with violent perpetrators - drip-drip effect - desensitised to violence
- now increased censorship as a result and 9pm watershed

Question 7

other studies

Answer 7

Huesmann et al - longitudinal study of 300 young people - monitored from age of 8 into 20s - participants who watched violent shows young age more likely to be aggressive behaviour in adulthood

Johnson et al - found a significant relationship between the amount of time spent watching TV during the respondent’s teenage years and aggressive behaviour in young adults

Question 8

supporting evidence

Answer 8

In May 2019 - two men murdered Julia Rawson in their home in Dudley - found guilty in November 2020 - police largely linked the murder to the couple’s fascination with horror films and serial killers

research in Ofcom report - children and parents:media and attitudes 2015 - children lack online understanding - 1 in 10 do not question what they see online and believe its true

Question 9

criticisms

Answer 9

Fesbach and Sanger - screen violence provided safe outlet for aggressive tendencies - catharasis - safe release of violent impulses - eg computer games - study where watched violent or non-violent programmes for 6 weeks - violent was less aggressive

PM - Gauntlett - methodology of studies eg Bandura - artificial environment - low ecological validity and Hawthorne effect

Fails to consider other factors that may motivate aggression - extraneous variables