Wold 2 Flashcards

1
Q

There are 5 basic categories of useable food (energy sources

A
Carbohydrates
Protein
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
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2
Q

The brush border ectoenzymes are essential for

A

digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

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3
Q

Complex carbohydrates broken down into

A
monosaccharides
Digestive enzymes (such as amylase)
Ectoenzymes (lactase)
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4
Q

Monosaccharides taken up by epithelial cells by

A

transporters

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5
Q

Monosaccharides passed into blood via

A

GLUT2

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6
Q

Proteins are broken down into peptides in

A

2 locations

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7
Q

Stomach

———- is produced in stomach—cleaved to —— which degrades protein

A

Pepsinogen

pepsin

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8
Q

Small Intestine

Pancrease releases

A

pro-enzymes into small intestine to digest proteins

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9
Q

Pancreas pro enzymes

A

Trypsinogen
Cymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidases A and B
Proelastase

Must be converted to active enzymes—initiated by enteropeptidase

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10
Q

Trypsin is an ——- for cleavage of proteins

A

essential protease

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11
Q

Two Broad Classes of AA Transporters

A

Na+ Dependent

Na+ Independent

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12
Q

AA Subclasses are specific for

A

certain types of amino acids

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13
Q

AA Transporters are on

A

brush border and basolateral membrane

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14
Q

Sources of Lipase

A

Lingual Lipase
Gastric Lipase
Pancreatic Lipase

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15
Q

But, then how does lipase interact with the fat?

A

Colipase

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16
Q

How do micelles enhance absorption of fatty acids?

A

Micelles are in equilibrium with free fatty acids.

Micelles are constantly breaking down and reforming.

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17
Q

Triglycerides are found in

A

systemic circulation, not free fatty acids or monoglycerides.

18
Q

Many vitamins are fat soluble

19
Q

vitamins

Solubilized in

A

micelles, and passively diffuse through intestinal epithelial cells

20
Q

Vitamins

Released into body with

A

chylomicrons

21
Q

Water soluble vitamins

All are absorbed by

A

facilitated or active transport, except B12

22
Q

All of the proteases are released as

A

proenzymes

23
Q

Luminal peptidases are not

A

sufficient to breakdown protein; brush border enzymes are also needed

24
Q

Peptides and amino acids are

A

transported across epithelial cells by transporters

25
Fatty acid absorption occurs in the
small intestine (primarily duodenum), but digestion occurs in stomach and duodenum
26
Fats are not water soluble, but
lipases are.
27
Gastric emptying is slowed by
fats
28
Fat films are emulsified both
Mechanically | Emulsifying agent
29
Most water absorption occurs in the
small intestine
30
Much of the concentration gradient of solutes is dependent upon
Na+
31
Absorption of Na+ | Occurs throughout the
entire GI tract
32
Absorption of Na+ | Can occur against a
small electrochemical gradient
33
Absorption of Na+ Is highest in areas where
glucose and galactose or amino acids are being transported
34
Absorption of Na+ | Cl-, HCO3, K+ are also absorbed in part due to
Na+
35
Absorption of Minerals (Ca++) | Actively absorbed by
all segments of the intestine
36
Absorption of Minerals (Ca++) | Salts are soluble at
low pH
37
Absorption of Minerals (Ca++) | Strongly enhanced by
vitamin D
38
Absorption of Fe++ | Very
inefficient (< 10% of dietary Fe++ is absorbed)
39
Absorption of Fe++ Stomach -------- absorption
enhances
40
Absorption of Fe++ | ======can not be absorbed
Fe+++