Speech Flashcards
Speech Production
Highly complex motor task that involves approximately
100 orofacial, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and respiratory muscles.
• High speed
• High precision
• Complex coordination and timing of muscle movements
Intelligiblity
- Degree of “understandability” of speech
* Depends on the listener (familiar vs unfamiliar) and context
Fluency
• Rate, rhythm, “smoothness” or flow of speech production (how sounds, syllables, words, and phrases are joined together).
Respiration
Speech production requires airflow from the lungs (respiration) to be ——— through the vocal folds of the larynx and ——– in the vocal cavities shaped by the jaw, soft palate, lips, tongue and other ———, in a ———- (fluency/prosody)
phonated
resonated
articulators
timely and coordinated fashi
• Phonation =
sound waves are created by vibration of the vocal folds.
Airflow from the lungs, as well as laryngeal muscle contraction, causes movement of the
vocal folds.
Pediatric Voice disorders
dysphonias
Common pediatric vocal pathologies
Infectious, anatomic, congenital, inflammatory, neoplastic, neurologic, and iatrogenic causes (McMurray, 2003). • Vocal nodules • Vocal cord cysts • Vocal cord paralysis • Laryngeal webs • Paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction
Vocal nodules
of the most common causes of
pediatric dysphonia
Vocal nodules
Symptoms
- Hoarseness
- Breathiness
- “rough” voice
- “scratchy” voice
- Harshness
- Decreased pitch range
- Throat/ear/neck pain
- Complaint of “losing voice”
Vocal nodules —>
Behavioral voice treatment (voice therapy)
Vocalfoldcysts—->often entails
surgical removal AND possible voice therapy
Laryngeal web—>
surgical resection(may require multiple surgeries)
• Types of articulation errors:
Substitutions
• Omissions
• Distortions
• Obligatory vs active
Phonemes
speech sounds) • Place, manner, voicing • Bilabials, Lingual-alveolars, Velars • Stops, Fricatives, Sibilants, Affricates • Oral vs nasal consonants • Liquids and Glides • Voiced vs voiceless sounds
Treatment of SSD:
SLPs provide treatment to improve
articulation of individual sounds or reduce errors in production of sound patterns.
Treatment of SSD
• Articulation treatment may involve demonstrating how to
produce the sound correctly, learning to recognize which
sounds are correct and incorrect, and practicing sounds in
different words.
Treatment of SSD
• Phonological process treatment may involve
teaching the
rules of speech to individuals to help them say words
correctly.
Treatment of SSD
• More emphasis on
auditory discrimination training (e.g.,
minimal pairs intervention)
Oral-motor therapy is
NOT evidence-based practice
Motor speech disorders (MSD)
Dysarthria (DYS)
• Childhood apraxia of speech
Dysarthria
Collective name for a group of neurologic speech disorders resulting from abnormalities in the strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of movements required for control of the respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, and prosodic aspects of speech production. (Duffy, 2005)
Dysarthria in Children
Congenital:
present from birth (infancy) or prior to the acquisition of speech/language
Dysarthria
• Acquired:
significant variations in presentation depending on age of onset, after the acquisition of at least some speech-language skills