Sweep 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses

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2
Q

e.g., CCK stimulated by ———, stimulates ——— by pancreas, which will reduce CCK and reduce pancreas activation.

A

fatty acids

enzyme production

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3
Q

e.g., CCK can stimulate pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and inhibit ——–

A

stomach emptying

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4
Q

Cephalic Phase

A

(parasympathetic nerve fibers affecting ENS)

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5
Q

Gastric Phase

A

(short and long neural reflexes and gastrin)

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6
Q

Intestinal

A

(short and long neural reflexes, secretin, CCK, and GIP)

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7
Q

Gastrin—G Cells

A

Antrum (Pyloric Gland Area)

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8
Q

Somatostatin—D cells

A

Throughout the stomach at the base of the gastric glands

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9
Q

Histamine is the strongest

A

HCl stimulant.

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10
Q

Histamine release can be triggered by

A

gastrin or Ach

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11
Q

Gastrin and Ach can have direct effects on

A

parietal cells.

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12
Q

Somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of HCl secretion via 2 mechanisms

A

Effects on G Cell

Effects on Parietal Cell

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13
Q

Enterogastrone is a hormone produced by ——- that inhibit the ——– in the stomach. Secretin, and CCK are enterogastrones.

A

intestinal cells

secretion or motility

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14
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation releases —— onto the —— and results in a ————-.

A

ACh

acinar cells

watery plasma-like secretion

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15
Q

Acetylcholine Primarily (some effect of Norepinephrine via α-adrenergic receptor)

A

Opening of Ca++ sensitive Cl- and K+ channels
Increased flow rate, lowered ductal modification
Muscarinic or α-adrenergic

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16
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Protein rich saliva
PKA-mediated exocytosis
β-adrenergic receptor

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17
Q

Lungs

e.g. convert

A

angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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18
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a disease that

A

impairs the normal function of the conducting zone

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19
Q

Cystic fibrosis

mutation in genetic code for

A

Cl- channel reduces the amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across the epithelium into mucus.

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20
Q

Cystic fibrosis

This leads to there being

A

less water in the mucus (due to osmosis)→ mucus is thick and dry

21
Q

Between breaths:

Pip —— atmospheric pressure

22
Q

Between breaths:

Ptp =

A

Palv – Pip; lungs remain expanded
lungs tend to recoil inward –

chest wall tends to recoil outward –

net result is Pip is always subatmospheric

23
Q

During inspiration

Pip becomes

A

more negative

24
Q

During inspiration

Ptp increases so

A

lung volume increases and air flows in until Palv = Patm

25
During expiration - | Pip becomes
less negative
26
During expiration - | Ptp decreases so
lung volume decreases and air flows out until Palv = Patm
27
Closed pneumothorax
pleural cavity pressure less than atm
28
open pneumothorax
pleural cavity pressure is atm
29
tension pneumothorax
pleural cavity pressure greater than atm
30
Compliance is the inverse of
stiffness, and is indicative of the amount of muscle force needed to ventilate the lung.
31
Forces are strong on the ------, but weak on the ------ side.
liquid side air
32
Surface tension (ST) in bubbles cause the liquid lining to be
pulled toward the center (note that in a bubble there are two air/liquid interfaces).
33
Surfactant is an
amphipathic phospholipid + protein molecule that forms a monolayer between air and water.
34
Reduces surface tension by | decreasing
density of H2O molecules
35
Surfactant does not create
additional surface tension and will increase compliance.
36
transpulmonary pressure – dilates
bronchioles during inspiration
37
increase R | breathe
more deeply (to increase ΔP)
38
Increase R | breathe more slowly because
airflow during expiration is limited
39
decrease compliance | breath shallowly to decrease
muscle involvement
40
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) –
max V inspired ; ~3000 ml
41
tidal volume (TV) –
V entering lungs per breath; ~500 ml
42
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) –
V exhaled beyond TV; ~1500 ml
43
obstructive lung disease:
↓ FEV1; normal VC
44
restrictive lung disease:
↓VC, normal FEV1
45
Alveolar dead space exists when there is a mismatch between
ventilation and bloodflow
46
Alveolar dead space is always
greater than zero, even in normal lungs, due to the effects of gravity on bloodflow
47
Hypoventilation – ventilation
decreased relative to metabolism decrease alveolar PO2 increase alveolar PCO2
48
Hyperventilation – ventilation
increased relative to metabolism increase alveolar PO2 decrease alveolar PCO2