Sweep 1

Question 1

Enteric Nervous System

Answer 1

submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses

Question 2

e.g., CCK stimulated by ———, stimulates ——— by pancreas, which will reduce CCK and reduce pancreas activation.

Answer 2

fatty acids

enzyme production

Question 3

e.g., CCK can stimulate pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and inhibit ——–

Answer 3

stomach emptying

Question 4

Cephalic Phase

Answer 4

(parasympathetic nerve fibers affecting ENS)

Question 5

Gastric Phase

Answer 5

(short and long neural reflexes and gastrin)

Question 6

Intestinal

Answer 6

(short and long neural reflexes, secretin, CCK, and GIP)

Question 7

Gastrin—G Cells

Answer 7

Antrum (Pyloric Gland Area)

Question 8

Somatostatin—D cells

Answer 8

Throughout the stomach at the base of the gastric glands

Question 9

Histamine is the strongest

Answer 9

HCl stimulant.

Question 10

Histamine release can be triggered by

Answer 10

gastrin or Ach

Question 11

Gastrin and Ach can have direct effects on

Answer 11

parietal cells.

Question 12

Somatostatin is a potent inhibitor of HCl secretion via 2 mechanisms

Answer 12

Effects on G Cell

Effects on Parietal Cell

Question 13

Enterogastrone is a hormone produced by ——- that inhibit the ——– in the stomach. Secretin, and CCK are enterogastrones.

Answer 13

intestinal cells

secretion or motility

Question 14

Parasympathetic stimulation releases —— onto the —— and results in a ————-.

Answer 14

ACh

acinar cells

watery plasma-like secretion

Question 15

Acetylcholine Primarily (some effect of Norepinephrine via α-adrenergic receptor)

Answer 15

Opening of Ca++ sensitive Cl- and K+ channels
Increased flow rate, lowered ductal modification
Muscarinic or α-adrenergic

Question 16

Norepinephrine

Answer 16

Protein rich saliva
PKA-mediated exocytosis
β-adrenergic receptor

Question 17

Lungs

e.g. convert

Answer 17

angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 18

Cystic fibrosis is a disease that

Answer 18

impairs the normal function of the conducting zone

Question 19

Cystic fibrosis

mutation in genetic code for

Answer 19

Cl- channel reduces the amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across the epithelium into mucus.

Question 20

Cystic fibrosis

This leads to there being

Answer 20

less water in the mucus (due to osmosis)→ mucus is thick and dry

Question 21

Between breaths:

Pip —— atmospheric pressure

Answer 21

below

Question 22

Between breaths:

Ptp =

Answer 22

Palv – Pip; lungs remain expanded
lungs tend to recoil inward –

chest wall tends to recoil outward –

net result is Pip is always subatmospheric

Question 23

During inspiration

Pip becomes

Answer 23

more negative

Question 24

During inspiration

Ptp increases so

Answer 24

lung volume increases and air flows in until Palv = Patm

Question 25

During expiration -

Pip becomes

Answer 25

less negative

Question 26

During expiration -

Ptp decreases so

Answer 26

lung volume decreases and air flows out until Palv = Patm

Question 27

Closed pneumothorax

Answer 27

pleural cavity pressure less than atm

Question 28

open pneumothorax

Answer 28

pleural cavity pressure is atm

Question 29

tension pneumothorax

Answer 29

pleural cavity pressure greater than atm

Question 30

Compliance is the inverse of

Answer 30

stiffness, and is indicative of the amount of muscle force needed to ventilate the lung.

Question 31

Forces are strong on the ——, but weak on the —— side.

Answer 31

liquid side

air

Question 32

Surface tension (ST) in bubbles cause the liquid lining to be

Answer 32

pulled toward the center (note that in a bubble there are two air/liquid interfaces).

Question 33

Surfactant is an

Answer 33

amphipathic phospholipid + protein molecule that forms a monolayer between air and water.

Question 34

Reduces surface tension by

decreasing

Answer 34

density of H2O molecules

Question 35

Surfactant does not create

Answer 35

additional surface tension and will increase compliance.

Question 36

transpulmonary pressure – dilates

Answer 36

bronchioles during inspiration

Question 37

increase R

breathe

Answer 37

more deeply (to increase ΔP)

Question 38

Increase R

breathe more slowly because

Answer 38

airflow during expiration is limited

Question 39

decrease compliance

breath shallowly to decrease

Answer 39

muscle involvement

Question 40

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) –

Answer 40

max V inspired ; ~3000 ml

Question 41

tidal volume (TV) –

Answer 41

V entering lungs per breath; ~500 ml

Question 42

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) –

Answer 42

V exhaled beyond TV; ~1500 ml

Question 43

obstructive lung disease:

Answer 43

↓ FEV1; normal VC

Question 44

restrictive lung disease:

Answer 44

↓VC, normal FEV1

Question 45

Alveolar dead space exists when there is a mismatch between

Answer 45

ventilation and bloodflow

Question 46

Alveolar dead space is always

Answer 46

greater than zero, even in normal lungs, due to the effects of gravity on bloodflow

Question 47

Hypoventilation – ventilation

Answer 47

decreased relative to metabolism

decrease alveolar PO2
increase alveolar PCO2

Question 48

Hyperventilation – ventilation

Answer 48

increased relative to metabolism

increase alveolar PO2
decrease alveolar PCO2