Jackson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lungs Regulate

A

blood pH

ventilation rate affects amount of CO2 in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lungs Provide microbial defense by means of

A

epithelial secretions –

lymphoid tissue in tract –

coughing and sneezing reflexes –

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lungs

6. Activate (or inactivate)

A

chemical messengers in blood –

e.g. convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lungs 7. Defend against

A

blood clots – small blood clots get trapped in narrow vessels in lungs and are dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Components and zones of the respiratory system

A

airways – series of tubes needed to exchange air between lungs and environment

lungs – site of gas exchange between air and blood

mechanical aids – skeletal muscles used to vary the volume of the thoracic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

upper airway – structures are

A

outside of the thoracic cavity

mouth/nose → pharynx → larynx → top of trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. conducting zone –
A

in thoracic cavity, but no gas exchange occurs

trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchioles → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles

trachea and bronchi include cartilaginous rings and mucous glands –

bronchioles lose cartilage and glands, but add smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

respiratory zone – structures where

A

gas exchange can occur

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

respiratory bronchioles very

A

thin-walled; have alveoli in walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Branching creates

A

parallel airways to maintain airflow and minimize increasing resistance to airflow. Compare this set-up to one in which multiple tubes simply become narrower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Air is warmed and moistened – heat and water vapor are

A

exchanged with the blood in airway walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conducting zone protects against

A

microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

goblet cells secrete mucus which can

A

trap airborne particles and pathogens;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cilia on epithelial cells move

A

mucus upwards to pharynx where it can be swallowed or expelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Closed pneumothorax:

A

Pleural cavity pressure less than ATM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Open pneumothorax:

A

pleural cavity pressure = atm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tension pneumothorax:

A

pleural cavity pressure > ATM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a disease that

A

impairs the normal function of the conducting zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cystic fibrosis: mutation in genetic code for

A

Cl- channel reduces the amount of Na+ and Cl- secreted across the epithelium into mucus. This leads to there being less water in the mucus (due to osmosis)→ mucus is thick and dry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cystic fibrosis: consequences of abnormal mucus -

A

infectious agents are trapped, but not expelled; airways are obstructed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Airflow is regulated by

A

bronchiolar smooth muscle

22
Q

——- in alveoli provides time for exchange –

A

low rate of bloodflow

23
Q

Microbial defense is provided by

A

pulmonary macrophage

24
Q

Type I –

A

epithelial; gas exchange surface

25
Type II –
secrete surfactant
26
Macrophages – are considered the
3rd alveoli cells??
27
alveolar sacs are
~0.5 μm in diameter
28
distance between alveolus and capillary
≈ 0.2 μm
29
Respiratory gases are small non-polar molecules that diffuse down a “concentration” gradient - diffuse easily through plasma membranes, less easily through
body fluids
30
CO2 solubility = 77 mmol/L;
77 mmol/L;
31
O2 solubility =
2.2 mmol/L
32
Intrapleural fluid fills sacs (----- thick
10 – 20 μm thick)
33
Air flow is a function of the
pressure gradient and the resistance to flow within the airways
34
F =
ΔP/R In the respiratory system, the pressure difference (ΔP) of concern is the difference between gas pressure in the lung/alveoli and atmospheric pressure (Palv - Patm )
35
If Palv < Patm, air flows
into lung (inspiration)
36
If Palv > Patm, air flows
out of lung (expiration)
37
Alveolar pressure changes in response to
changing the volume of the lungs according to Boyle’s Law | (P1 V1 = P2 V2 ),
38
transpulmonary (Ptp) =
Palv - Pip (Pip = interpleural pressure)
39
diaphragm contracts →
lowers floor of cavity → increases volume - inhale
40
external intercostals contract →
raise ribcage → increase volume - inhale
41
diaphragm relaxes →
raises floor of cavity → reduces volume - exhale.
42
external intercostals relax /internal intercostals contract→
lower ribcage → reduces volume - exhale
43
Palv equal Patm
between breaths (no air is moving)
44
Pip below
atmospheric pressure between breaths
45
Ptp = Palv – Pip;
lungs remain expanded lungs tend to recoil inward – chest wall tends to recoil outward – net result is Pip is always subatmospheric
46
During inspiration – diaphragm
contracts → thorax expands
47
During inspiration: | Pip becomes
more negative
48
During inspiration: Ptp
increases so lung volume increases and air flows in until Palv = Patm
49
During expiration - diaphragm
relaxes → thorax compresses
50
During expiration: Pip becomes
less negative
51
During expiration: Ptp
decreases so lung volume decreases and air flows out until Palv = Patm