Sweep 2

Question 1

Sublingual

Lesser sublingual

Answer 1

(Rivinus’s) ducts anterior floor

Mostly mucous

Question 2

Salivary Fluid Secretion

Answer 2

Intracellular Na+ kept low
Intracellular K+ kept high
Intracellular Cl- high
In unstimulated cells, Ca2+ levels are low, and Ca2+ activated K+ and Cl- channels are closed.
Upon stimulation, Ca2+ opens the Cl- and K+ channels.
Na+ leaks through tight junctions to follow Cl-

Question 3

Mucin

Predominately produced by

Answer 3

sublingual & submandibular glands

Question 4

Parasympathetic Synapse in

Answer 4

Trigeminal

Solitary Nucleus

Question 5

Big Picture of salivation

Answer 5

Muscarinic or Alpha-adrenergic receptor activation
Intracellular calcium release
Calcium activated K+ and Cl- channels
Increase luminal Cl- concentration
Intercellular sodium follow
Water follows
Protein secretion by PKA mediated exocytosis

Question 6

Acetylcholine

Answer 6

Primarily (some effect of Norepinephrine via α-adrenergic receptor)
Opening of Ca++ sensitive Cl- and K+ channels
Increased flow rate, lowered ductal modification
Muscarinic or α-adrenergic

Question 7

Norepinephrine

Answer 7

Protein rich saliva
—PKA-mediated exocytosis
β-adrenergic receptor

Question 8

Trypsin is an essential protease for

Answer 8

cleavage of proteins

Question 9

Trypsinogen cleaved by

Answer 9

enteropeptidase

Question 10

Intrinsic factor

Answer 10

needed for b12 absorption

Question 11

Secretin, and CCK are

Answer 11

enterogastrones

Question 12

Membrane bound enterokinase

Answer 12

converts trypsinogen to trypsin

Question 13

Increased HCl—->Secretin—->

Answer 13

HCO3

Question 14

Also, bicarbonate secretion is coupled to

Answer 14

Cl- ion absorption.

Question 15

transpulmonary (Ptp) =

Answer 15

Palv - Pip

Question 16

Interpulmonary pressure

Answer 16

sine wave

Question 17

IP

Answer 17

smile face

Question 18

P =

Answer 18

2 x surface tension / radius

Therefore, increase ST → increase pressure
decrease radius → increase pressure
`

Question 19

Emphysema - alveolar tissues damaged or destroyed, perhaps due to overproduction of

Answer 19

proteolytic enzymes

Question 20

obstructive lung disease:

Answer 20

↓ FEV1; normal VC

Question 21

restrictive lung disease:

Answer 21

↓VC, normal FEV1

Question 22

Acclimatization to high altitude depends on delayed responses that take days or weeks

Answer 22

increased erythropoiesis which results in polycytothemia; stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone from the kidney

increased 2,3 DPG synthesis which will shift the Hb-O2 curve to the right

increased synthesis of other components of O2 delivery and consumption
capillary density –

mitochondria –

myoglobin -

Question 23

The effects of natriuretic peptides include

Answer 23

vasodilation of afferent arterioles

vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

inhibition of renin (and aldosterone)

inhibition of ADH secretion

Excrete sodium and water***

Question 24

NH4+ substitutes for——- in the ——–r and enters the interstitial fluid in the medulla where it is in equilibrium with NH3

Answer 24

K+

Na+K+2Cl- symporter

Question 25

• parathyroid hormone (PTH) | released in response to

Answer 25

hypocalcaemia

Question 26

• parathyroid hormone (PTH) | increases

Answer 26

bone resorption, increases renal Ca+ reabsorption, and stimulates calcitriol production

Question 27

• calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D) | metabolism of vitamin D to calcitriol is stimulated by

Answer 27

hypocalcaemia and/or hypophosphatemia (and further stimulated by PTH, see above)

Question 28

• calcitonin | released in response to

Answer 28

hypercalcaemia increases bone deposition

Question 29

in distal tubule – --------- reabsorption of calcium

Answer 29

transcellular

Question 30

Osmotic diuretics - retain water by increasing osmotic pressure; act in water-permeable segments of the nephron

Answer 30

(PT & descending loop of Henle)

Question 31

CA inhibitors – reduce Na+ reabsorption; ---------- is major site of action

Answer 31

proximal tubule

Question 32

Thiazides – block

Answer 32

Na+Cl- symporter in early distal tubule

Question 33

1. aldosterone antagonists, e.g. spironolactone | block aldosterone’s ability to

Answer 33

increase Na+ transporters in principal cells

Question 34

2. ENaC blockers, e.g. amiloride | block

Answer 34

Na+ reabsorption across the apical membrane these act on a membrane protein so can gain access by secretion into the proximal tubule

Question 35

aldosterone stimulates ---- secretion

Answer 35

K+

Question 36

Loop and thiazide diuretics ----> reduced ECV ------> metabolic

Answer 36

alkalosis

Question 37

potassium-sparing diuretics ----> metabolic ----------- because H+ secretion in distal tubule and cortical collecting duct is inhibited

Answer 37

acidosis

Question 38

Loop diuretics increase calcium excretion by affecting the

Answer 38

transepithelial voltage that normally provides the driving force for paracellular transport of calcium.