Wold 1

Question 1

Parotid

Parotid (Stensen’s) duct opposite upper second molar

Answer 1

Serous gland; produces a watery (serous) secretion

Question 2

Parotid;

Major source of

Answer 2

amylase

Question 3

Submandibular

Submandibular (Wharton’s) duct opens

Answer 3

beneath the base of the tongue

Question 4

Submandibular gland

Answer 4

Mixed (serous and mucous)

Question 5

Submand. gland;

Secretions include

Answer 5

water/electrolytes and mucin

Active at rest

Question 6

Sublingual

Answer 6

Lesser sublingual (Rivinus’s) ducts anterior floor 
Mostly mucous

Question 7

Minor glands located throughout the oral cavity.

Answer 7

Labial
Palatine
Buccal
Lingual (von Ebner’s gland)
Sublingual mucosae

Question 8

Minor salivary glands

Secrete mostly

Answer 8

mucous except von Ebner’s

Question 9

Minor salivary glands

Contribute

Answer 9

5-10% of total saliva

Question 10

Minor salivary glands

Harbor

Answer 10

lymphocytes

Question 11

Von ebner’s gland

Secrete

Answer 11

lingual lipase

Initiates fatty acid digestion

Question 12

Salivon

Answer 12

Acinus
-Acinar cells (blind sac)
--Serous Cells (enzymes)
--Mucous Cells (mucin)
----**Myoepithelial Cells
Intercalated Duct
Striated Duct
Excretory Duct

Question 13

Composition of Saliva

Answer 13

WATER 99.5%
INORGANIC SALTS
Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate
Other components: calcium phosphate and magnesium sulfate
ORGANIC COMPONENTS
Acinar Cellular Origin
Amylase, Lipase, Mucoproteins, Proline-rich proteins, Tyrosine-rich proteins (and many others)
Nonacinar Cell Origin
Lysozyme, immunoglobulin, growth factors, regulatory peptides (NGF)
pH highly buffered 6.7 to 7.4

Question 14

Nonacinar Cell Origin

Answer 14

Lysozyme, immunoglobulin, growth factors, regulatory peptides (NGF)

Question 15

Acinar Cellular Origin

Answer 15

Amylase, Lipase, Mucoproteins, Proline-rich proteins, Tyrosine-rich proteins (and many others)

Question 16

Salivary Fluid Secretion

Answer 16

-Intracellular Na+ kept low
-Intracellular K+ kept high
-Intracellular Cl- high
-In unstimulated cells, Ca2+ levels are low, and Ca2+ activated K+ and Cl- channels are closed.
=Upon stimulation, Ca2+ opens the Cl- and K+ channels.
Na+ leaks through tight junctions to follow Cl-

Question 17

Primary secretion
(acini)

freely —- permeable

Answer 17

H2O

Question 18

Secondary modification

Duct

Answer 18

H2O impermeable

Question 19

Mechanisms of ductal modification

Answer 19

Number of transporters distributed in polarized manner across cell

Reabsorb Na+ and Cl- but NOT H2O

Slow flow rates allow more reabsorption

Question 20

Primary secretions

Answer 20

Acinar region freely permeable to water
Electrolyte composition unaffected by flow rate
plasma like composition (isotonic)

Question 21

Secondary secretions

Answer 21

Ductal region impermeable to water
Electrolyte composition strongly affected by flow rate
Low rate=high [K]; high rate=high [Na]
hypotonic

Question 22

Mucin

Most abundant

Answer 22

protein in saliva

Question 23

Mucin

Predominately produced by

Answer 23

sublingual & submandibular glands

Question 24

Mucin

——- protein

Answer 24

carb rich

Question 25

Mucin

Improves

Answer 25

Salivary viscosity

Question 26

Amylase

Predominately produced by

Answer 26

parotid gland

Question 27

Amylase

Packaged in

Answer 27

zymogen granules

Question 28

Amylase

Initiates the breakdown of

Answer 28

starch

Question 29

Immune-associated proteins
Muramidase
Lyze

Answer 29

muramic acid in the cell wall of many bacteria

Question 30

Calcium Binding Proteins
e.g.. PRP, TRP (e.g., statherin) Cystatins, histatins
Promote

Answer 30

mineralization of the enamel

Question 31

Growth Factors

EGF (stimulates

Answer 31

gastric growth); NGF (imp. For sympathetic n.s

Question 32

Autonomic Nervous System Innervation

Answer 32

1.Acinar cells
2. Ductal cells
3. Blood vessels
-Vasodilation
-vasoconstriction
4. Myoepithelial Cells
Have contractive properties

Question 33

Parasympathetic

NT in salivation

Answer 33

Acetycholine

Question 34

NT in salivation

Sympathetic

Answer 34

Norepinephrine

Question 35

NT in salivation- Others

Answer 35

Substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP)

Question 36

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 36

Periodontal Ligament

Tastebuds

Question 37

Afferent Impulses

Answer 37

Trigeminal
Facial
Glassopharyngeal

Question 38

Synapse in

Answer 38

Trigeminal

Solitary Nucleus

Question 39

Parasympathetic stimulation releases —– onto the ——- results in a ——.

Answer 39

ACh

acinar cells and

watery plasma-like secretion

Question 40

Big Picture salivation

Answer 40

Muscarinic or Alpha-adrenergic receptor activation
Intracellular calcium release
Calcium activated K+ and Cl- channels
Increase luminal Cl- concentration
Intercellular sodium follow
Water follows
Protein secretion by PKA mediated exocytosis

Question 41

Acetylcholine Primarily (some effect of Norepinephrine via α-adrenergic receptor)
Opening of

Answer 41

Ca++ sensitive Cl- and K+ channels

Question 42

Acetylcholine primarily

Increased

Answer 42

flow rate, lowered ductal modification

Question 43

Norepinephrine

Answer 43

Protein rich saliva

-PKA-mediated exocytosis

Question 44

Norepinephrine receptor;

Answer 44

β-adrenergic receptor

Question 45

Acetylcholine receptor

Answer 45

Muscarinic or α-adrenergic

Question 46

Anti-cholinergic Drugs

can lead to

Answer 46

xerostomia

Question 47

Xerostomia Management

Stimulate

Answer 47

muscarinic receptors

• Pilocarpine—Ach agonist
• Treat symptoms