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Spring 2013 / Biochemistry > WK6 - Lipids > Flashcards

WK6 - Lipids Flashcards

0
Q

What stores energy for making ATP?

A

lipids

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1
Q

What are the primary structural component of membranes?

A

phosphorolipid fatty acid

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2
Q

Lipids store energy in the form of what for use in the making of ATP?

A

Lipds store energy in the form of hydrocarbons to provide energy for the making of ATP.

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3
Q

What macromolecule are messengers in the bloodstream as hormones and prostaglandins?

A

lipids

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4
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

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5
Q

What percentage of fat should the human diet be and why?

A

20% in order to absorb vitamins

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6
Q

What sort of protection to the body do stored lipids provide?

A

Thermal protection and shock absorbance

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7
Q

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

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8
Q

What are the three structural types of Lipids?

A

Fatty Acids
Glycerols
Sterols

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9
Q

What are the four types of lipids found in biological systems?

A

fatty acids
non-glyceride lipids
glyceride lipids
complex lipids

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10
Q

What is the exception to the “lipids are hydrophobic” rule?

A

Glycerol, which is hydrophilic.

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11
Q

What is the most crucial role of a fatty acid?

A

as a phospholipid in cell membrane

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12
Q

Are fatty acids mostly non-polar or polar?

A

Most are non-polar, but their acid heads lend some solubility in water and hence can be used to emulsify non-polar and polar substances.
Soaps are salts of fatty acids.

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13
Q

What is emulsification?

A

the dissolving of non-polar and polar molecules.
Soaps are fatty acids with a K+ (potassium) end ionically bonded to it. The fatty acid end attracts the lipid and the salt end allows the molecule to be dissolved in water and washed away.

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14
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

a hydrocarbon chain (with either single or double bonds) capped with a Methyl Group (CH3) on one end and a Carboxyl Group on the other.

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15
Q

What is CH3?

A

The Methyl Group attached to a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group to make a Fatty Acid.

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16
Q

Which end of a fatty acid is hydrophobic and which end is hydrophilic?

A

The Carboxyl Group is Hydrophilic, the hydrocarbon chain is Hydrophobic.

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17
Q

How does the fatty acid molecule differentiate?

A

The Carboxyl Group is easily replaced or added to to form various kinds of Fatty Acid. Most vegetable oils are combinations of fatty acid types.

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18
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

a phosphate group attached to a glyceride chain and attached to the glyceride are two fatty acid chains. The glyceride and fatty acids are non-polar. The phosphate head is polar.

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19
Q

What do emulsifiers allow to happen?

A

emulsifiers are able to get non-polar and polar molecules to mix.

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20
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

glyco - sugar
lipid - fat
sugar molecules bonded to fatty acid chains.

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21
Q

What is sterol?

A

A non glyceride lipid made of three 6-carbon rings one 5-carbon ring. No double bonds.
Basic cular backbone used to make sterol hormones.

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22
Q

What are some examples of sterols?

A

cholesterol, corticosteroids and gonadal hormones

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23
Q

What is the precursor molecule for sterol-based compbounds?

A

Cholesterol

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24
Q

What does it mean the Cholesterol is the precursor molecule for sterol based compounds?

A

cholesterol is needed to manufacture hormones like estrogen etc.

25
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

a non-glyceride lipid constructed from a fatty acid called Sphingosine with an amino (nitrogen containing) alcohol plus a long chain fatty acid.

26
Q

What is sphingosine?

A

a fatty acid with an amino alcohol and a long chain fatty acid that creates sphingolipid and are used for maintaining and improving the plasmalemma.

27
Q

What are the three types of glyceride molecule?

A

mono- di and tri- glycerol

named for the number of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone.

28
Q

What are the two important diglycerides used in the lipid bilayer?

A

Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Two most common phospholipids in the phospholipid bilayer.

29
Q

What is the function of a triglyceride?

A

Triglycerides are used to store fat in adipose tissues of animals. It can be broken down and converted to energy as needed and have a high caloric value - almost double that of carbohydrates.

30
Q

In animals, what stores energy in the form of carbohydrates in muscles and what stores energy in the form of lipids in adipose?

A

in your muscles you store glycogen

in the flesh you store adipose

31
Q

What is a liposome?

A

A complex lipid that is a small sphere of bilayer and stores or transports polar, water soluble molecules.

32
Q

What do liposomes function as?

A

vacuoles that transport of store polar, water soluble molecules.

33
Q

What is a Micelle?

A

a single layer of phospholipid that stores or transports non-polar, fat soluble molecules.

34
Q

How does a liposome and a micelle differ?

A

liposomes are bilayer, micelles are single layer.

Liposomes transport or store polar molecules, Micelles transport or store non-polar molecules.

35
Q

What is a Lipoprotein?

A

A complex lipid. A liposome that has proteins embedded in it.

36
Q

What is a chylomicron?

A

a lipoprotein micelle that transports triglycerides and cholesterol throughout the body in the bloodstream.

37
Q

What is prostaglandin?

A

A lipid (fatty acid) that serves as a pain messenger.

38
Q

What are hormones and hormones like messenger molecules made of?

A

lipids, nucleotides, peptides and amino acids

39
Q

What are prostaglandins made from?

A

arachidonic acid synthesized from linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid that humans do not synthesize but must get from food.

40
Q

What is arachiodonic acid?

A

It is an fatty acid with four double carbon bonds that can be very inflammatory in the body causing oxidative stress but also easily combines to form important molecules like prostaglandins.

41
Q

Why are Arachiodonic acid and prostaglandins important in our body?

A

they play important messengering roles in: blood clotting, creating an inflammatory response, menstrual cramping, protecting the stomach lining, bronchorestriction and bronchodialation in the lungs.

42
Q

How are sterol backbone molecules utilized?

A

to produce hormones, digestive bile acids and cholesterol, important gonadal hormones: testosterone, estriol, estradiol, progesterone. Adrenal hormones: glucocorticoids and corticosteroids.

43
Q

What happens to the production of adrenal hormones when the body is under stress?

A

less of the anti inflammatory hormones, glucocorticoids and corticosteroids are produced

44
Q

How do lipid messenger molecules enter a cell?

A

In the standard way as other molecules (e.g. neurotransmitters and peptides): by entering a cell receptor site and beginning a chain of events signaling the cell of changed conditions. This triggers a cascade of actions within the cell.

45
Q

How are lipids metabolized?

A

lipids pass through the stomach into the duodenum and jejunum where bile salts delivered from the liver break up lipid globules into small micelles. Lipase enzymes from the pancreas are incorporated into the micelle with the fat or oil. The micelles are small enough to fuse with small intestine epithelial cells by endocytosis and begin their digestive journey.

46
Q

What is Bile?

A

water soluble sterols

47
Q

How do bile and lipase function together to help digestion?

A

The emulsification of fat by bile (with lecithins - phosholipid emulsifiers) in the duodenum, lipase enters to break down the triglycerides and joins the emulsified fat in micelles and are carried into the rest of the intestine as Micelle Droplets. The micelle then fuses via endocytosis with the cell wall of the villus and the emulsified fat is absorbed.

48
Q

What is the small intestine lined with?

A

villi - three layers of villus
villi are made of columnar epithelium cells
villi maximize absorption

49
Q

How is bile excreted?

A

Sensory nerves tell the liver to excrete bile. The gall bladder is only activated when large quantities of fat are sensed.

50
Q

When the micelles are joined with the lining of the intestine, what happens?

A

the micelles are protienated, special proteins are embedded in the droplet bilayer and become chylomicrons (via the golgi complex inside the parenchyma cell on the villi) and release to the lacteals of the lymph systems.

51
Q

Are lipids digested and released into the blood stream?

A

No, lipids are emulsified and enter the lymph system.

52
Q

What is a lymph lacteal?

A

a tube of cells, lika a capillary of the lymph system.

53
Q

Where do chylomicrons travel?

A

They are formed in the golgi complex (with lipid and lipase) and are released into the lymph. The chylomicrons catalysis the fats into glycerol and fatty acids. The lypmh system delivers these to the blood stream via the superior vena cava. This is how we get our fat soluble vitamins into our blood stream.

54
Q

ß-oxidation is used to generate what?

A

ATP.
ß-oxidation is a very efficient way to burn calories, it is a lipid energy generation pathway which provides metabolites for the Krebs Cycle using lipids for fuel.

55
Q

What is the end product of ß-oxidation?

A

Acetyl Coenxyme A (ACA) form acetyl units cleaved from lipid fatty acid chains. Also produces NADH and FADH2 which are important energy carrier molecules.

56
Q

What kind of process is ß-oxidation?

A

a degradation process

a classic catabolic process

57
Q

Where does ß-oxidation take place?

A

in the matrix of the mitochondrion

58
Q

What is a degradation process?

A

a process in which something is degraded into component parts in measured steps. a classic catabolic process.

59
Q

For each acetyl group that enters the ß-oxidation cascade, what is produced?

A

Acetyl Coenxyme A is abundantly made which directly feeds the Krebs Cycle
For every 2-carbon acetyl group oxidized away from the fatty acid.
2 coenzyme A are used and 1 ATP is used and 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH are produced.

60
Q

What is the most common way to metabolize lipids for energy generation?

A

ß-oxidation

Spring 2013 / Biochemistry (13 decks)

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