week 3 Flashcards
in a skeleton diagram, a line is a ___?
bond
in a skeleton diagram, two lines that converge at an angle form an ___?
elbow
in a skeleton diagram, the crux of an elbow with no element indicated is always a ___ ___?
carbon atom
carbon always has ___ bonds
4 bonds
if the carbon (at the elbow) is bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements BESIDES ___ or ___, the element will be indicated by a letter (eg. O, N, P, Na, K)
hydrogen or carbon
if the carbon (at the crux of an elbow) is bonded to another elbow, that is a ________ bond.
carbon-to-carbon bond
if the number of bonds at the elbow of a carbon does NOT add up to 4, then the missing bonds are bonds to ____?
hydrogen (hydrogen and its bonds are left out)
what is an R-group?
an indication that some chemical group is attached to the atoms in question (but it’s not important to know exact group)
what is alcohol in chemistry?
- organic compound
- hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to carbon atom of an ALKYLE group (chains of carbon)
the OH group usually makes alcohols ____?
hydrophilic
technically, cholesterol belongs to which category?
alcohol
most alcohols are ___ and ___, but can have aromatic groups.
alkanes
aliphatic
other classes of molecules related to alcohols are (3)
- thiols (sulfide group)
- ethers (anesthetics)
- phenols (antiseptics)
sulfide groups are extremely important in what 2 activities?
protein structure
cellular energy production
what is a carbonyl group?
a carbon double bonded to an oxygen
O=C
carbonyl groups are ____ in nature, why?
polar, bc oxygen likes to be NEG
-COH is the group indicating an ___
aldehyde
aldehydes and ketones are ___ group
carbonyl
what is a liver metabolite of ethyl alcohol, which is responsible for alcohol hangovers?
acetaldehyde
the essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% ___?
cinnamaldehyde
what is derived from aldehydes by substituting a 2nd R-group for the hydrogen?
keystones
keystone groups are the chemical cause of toxicity in the genetic disease ___
phenlyketonuria (PKU)
what is a very common organic acid group, with the R- being any kind of aliphatic or aromatic compound?
carboxylic acid
R-COOH
which group is found throughout the biological world, creating WEAK ACIDS?
how does it create a weak acid?
-COOH group
(carboxylic acid group)
as the H+ dissociates for only short periods of time from the COOH group, creating a mild acid reaction - less time H+ is in solution, less acid is the fluid
common carboxylic acids are ___ acids
fatty acids
fatty acids are classified by their ____?
saturation
what is an unsaturated fatty acid messenger molecule? (pain messengers)
prostaglandin E1
how are esters created?
from COOH group by replacing H with R-
AMINES are based on ___? and what kind of structure does it have?
ammonia - NH3
tetrahedral structure, and can lose any of its 3 hydrogen to other (R-) groups
what are the 3 types of amines?
- primary (ONE R- group)
- secondary (TWO R- group)
- tertiary (THREE R- group)
what is the building blocks of proteins and are all amines, with differing R- groups?
amino acids
which class of amines are based upon ring structures that include 1 or more nitrogen atoms in the carbon ring, and can be joined by 2 rings?
heterocyclic amines
which class of amines forms many well known and useful organic molecules which are basic blocks in DNA, RNA, porphyrin rings, vitamin B6, nicotine, narcotics, alkloids, etc.?
heterocyclic amines
what are a class of heterocyclic amines that CHELATE a metal ion in the molecule’s center and are extremely important in the function of many enzymes?
porphyrins
*chelate (describes a particular way that ions and molecules bind metal ions, ex. chelation therapy to draw out heavy metal such as lead, mercury, etc.)j
what combines an amine group with carbonyl group?
amides
____ are building blocks of proteins, and all proteins are ___.
amines
amides
when amino acids are joined to form amides, this specific reaction is called ____, bc the resultant amides is called ____, which is the simplest form of ___.
peptide bond
peptide
proteins
a peptide bond is a chemical bond formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, thereby releasing a molecule of water, this is called __?
dehydration synthesis
the peptide bond is a ___ ___ reaction, and occurs b/t the ___ group of 1 amino acid and the ___ group of another amino acid.
The resulting ___ bond is called a ___ bond, and the resulting molecules is an ___.
dehydration synthesis
carboxyl group
amine group
OC-NH
peptide bond
AMIDE
biological systems are structurally composed of what 4 basic types of organic molecules?
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
what is a long LINEAR chain of bonded amino acids?
single amino acids is?
2?
3?
mutilple bonded aminos (+$) are?
protein
monopeptide
dipeptide
tripeptide
polypeptide or protein
proteins are a linear chain of bonded amino acids that ___ into a unique conformation depending on the ___ ___ ___.
FOLD
amino acid sequence
what are simple sugars, complex sugars, and starches.
carbohydrates
what are starches created from and how?
from simple sugars, by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains, similar to protein creation
_____ are noted for their oxygen containing ring structure, and is a ring with ___?
sugars (saccharides)
4 or 5 carbon + 1 oxygen
what are the 3 types of lipids (fats) and name 1 characteristics that differs from proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?
fatty acids
glycerols
sterols
lipids do NOT form gigantic macromolecules
what is the most common role of lipids in cells and tissues?
it coalesce to form a ___?
cell membranes
bilayer, which makes the membrane
what is also a common component of membranes ( besides lipids), and is the basic molecule used to make sterol hormones like corticosteriods (which are molecules made in the adrenal glands)?
cholesterol
what is the backbone of glyceride fats?
give 3 examples.
glycerol
monglyceride
diglyceride
triglyceride
what are the cell’s genetic material
nucleic acids
what are long chains of nucleotide subunits, and have both strorge (DNA) and functional (RNA) roles in the cell?
nucleic acids
what are nucleotides? and what is it composed of?
building blocks of nucleic acids
composed of a 5-cabon sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
nucleic acid is a chain of ___ ___
bonded nucleotides
nucleotides are bonded together in long chains, making DNA and RNA where the sugar and phosphate groups form the chain. This is called the ___
phosophate-sugar backbone of the nucleic acid
what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides? and they are___ ?
pyrimidines and purines heterocyclic amines (nitrogen in a ring of carbon)
what is RNA (ribonucleic acid)?
single-strand nucleic acid, made of ribonucleotides
what is DNA?
a double-stranded nucleic acid, held together by weak hydrogen bonding
what is DNA short for
deoxyribonucleic acid
most amino acids are considered primary, secondary, or tertiary amines?
primary amines (R-NH2)
many carcinogens fall under what class of amines?
heterocyclic amines
what are the “must haves” for amino acids
- carboxyl group
- amine group
- carbon
- R group
