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Spring 2013 / Biochemistry > week 3 > Flashcards

week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

in a skeleton diagram, a line is a ___?

A

bond

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2
Q

in a skeleton diagram, two lines that converge at an angle form an ___?

A

elbow

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3
Q

in a skeleton diagram, the crux of an elbow with no element indicated is always a ___ ___?

A

carbon atom

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4
Q

carbon always has ___ bonds

A

4 bonds

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5
Q

if the carbon (at the elbow) is bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements BESIDES ___ or ___, the element will be indicated by a letter (eg. O, N, P, Na, K)

A

hydrogen or carbon

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6
Q

if the carbon (at the crux of an elbow) is bonded to another elbow, that is a ________ bond.

A

carbon-to-carbon bond

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7
Q

if the number of bonds at the elbow of a carbon does NOT add up to 4, then the missing bonds are bonds to ____?

A

hydrogen (hydrogen and its bonds are left out)

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8
Q

what is an R-group?

A

an indication that some chemical group is attached to the atoms in question (but it’s not important to know exact group)

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9
Q

what is alcohol in chemistry?

A
  • organic compound

- hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to carbon atom of an ALKYLE group (chains of carbon)

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10
Q

the OH group usually makes alcohols ____?

A

hydrophilic

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11
Q

technically, cholesterol belongs to which category?

A

alcohol

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12
Q

most alcohols are ___ and ___, but can have aromatic groups.

A

alkanes

aliphatic

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13
Q

other classes of molecules related to alcohols are (3)

A
  • thiols (sulfide group)
  • ethers (anesthetics)
  • phenols (antiseptics)
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14
Q

sulfide groups are extremely important in what 2 activities?

A

protein structure

cellular energy production

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15
Q

what is a carbonyl group?

A

a carbon double bonded to an oxygen

O=C

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16
Q

carbonyl groups are ____ in nature, why?

A

polar, bc oxygen likes to be NEG

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17
Q

-COH is the group indicating an ___

A

aldehyde

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18
Q

aldehydes and ketones are ___ group

A

carbonyl

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19
Q

what is a liver metabolite of ethyl alcohol, which is responsible for alcohol hangovers?

A

acetaldehyde

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20
Q

the essential oil of cinnamon bark is about 90% ___?

A

cinnamaldehyde

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21
Q

what is derived from aldehydes by substituting a 2nd R-group for the hydrogen?

A

keystones

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22
Q

keystone groups are the chemical cause of toxicity in the genetic disease ___

A

phenlyketonuria (PKU)

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23
Q

what is a very common organic acid group, with the R- being any kind of aliphatic or aromatic compound?

A

carboxylic acid

R-COOH

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24
Q

which group is found throughout the biological world, creating WEAK ACIDS?

how does it create a weak acid?

A

-COOH group
(carboxylic acid group)

as the H+ dissociates for only short periods of time from the COOH group, creating a mild acid reaction - less time H+ is in solution, less acid is the fluid

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25
Q

common carboxylic acids are ___ acids

A

fatty acids

26
Q

fatty acids are classified by their ____?

A

saturation

27
Q

what is an unsaturated fatty acid messenger molecule? (pain messengers)

A

prostaglandin E1

28
Q

how are esters created?

A

from COOH group by replacing H with R-

29
Q

AMINES are based on ___? and what kind of structure does it have?

A

ammonia - NH3

tetrahedral structure, and can lose any of its 3 hydrogen to other (R-) groups

30
Q

what are the 3 types of amines?

A
  1. primary (ONE R- group)
  2. secondary (TWO R- group)
  3. tertiary (THREE R- group)
31
Q

what is the building blocks of proteins and are all amines, with differing R- groups?

A

amino acids

32
Q

which class of amines are based upon ring structures that include 1 or more nitrogen atoms in the carbon ring, and can be joined by 2 rings?

A

heterocyclic amines

33
Q

which class of amines forms many well known and useful organic molecules which are basic blocks in DNA, RNA, porphyrin rings, vitamin B6, nicotine, narcotics, alkloids, etc.?

A

heterocyclic amines

34
Q

what are a class of heterocyclic amines that CHELATE a metal ion in the molecule’s center and are extremely important in the function of many enzymes?

A

porphyrins

*chelate (describes a particular way that ions and molecules bind metal ions, ex. chelation therapy to draw out heavy metal such as lead, mercury, etc.)j

35
Q

what combines an amine group with carbonyl group?

A

amides

36
Q

____ are building blocks of proteins, and all proteins are ___.

A

amines

amides

37
Q

when amino acids are joined to form amides, this specific reaction is called ____, bc the resultant amides is called ____, which is the simplest form of ___.

A

peptide bond
peptide
proteins

38
Q

a peptide bond is a chemical bond formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, thereby releasing a molecule of water, this is called __?

A

dehydration synthesis

39
Q

the peptide bond is a ___ ___ reaction, and occurs b/t the ___ group of 1 amino acid and the ___ group of another amino acid.

The resulting ___ bond is called a ___ bond, and the resulting molecules is an ___.

A

dehydration synthesis
carboxyl group
amine group

OC-NH
peptide bond
AMIDE

40
Q

biological systems are structurally composed of what 4 basic types of organic molecules?

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

41
Q

what is a long LINEAR chain of bonded amino acids?

single amino acids is?
2?
3?
mutilple bonded aminos (+$) are?

A

protein

monopeptide
dipeptide
tripeptide
polypeptide or protein

42
Q

proteins are a linear chain of bonded amino acids that ___ into a unique conformation depending on the ___ ___ ___.

A

FOLD

amino acid sequence

43
Q

what are simple sugars, complex sugars, and starches.

A

carbohydrates

44
Q

what are starches created from and how?

A

from simple sugars, by linking multiple simple sugars in long chains, similar to protein creation

45
Q

_____ are noted for their oxygen containing ring structure, and is a ring with ___?

A

sugars (saccharides)

4 or 5 carbon + 1 oxygen

46
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids (fats) and name 1 characteristics that differs from proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?

A

fatty acids
glycerols
sterols
lipids do NOT form gigantic macromolecules

47
Q

what is the most common role of lipids in cells and tissues?

it coalesce to form a ___?

A

cell membranes

bilayer, which makes the membrane

48
Q

what is also a common component of membranes ( besides lipids), and is the basic molecule used to make sterol hormones like corticosteriods (which are molecules made in the adrenal glands)?

A

cholesterol

49
Q

what is the backbone of glyceride fats?

give 3 examples.

A

glycerol

monglyceride
diglyceride
triglyceride

50
Q

what are the cell’s genetic material

A

nucleic acids

51
Q

what are long chains of nucleotide subunits, and have both strorge (DNA) and functional (RNA) roles in the cell?

A

nucleic acids

52
Q

what are nucleotides? and what is it composed of?

A

building blocks of nucleic acids

composed of a 5-cabon sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group

53
Q

nucleic acid is a chain of ___ ___

A

bonded nucleotides

54
Q

nucleotides are bonded together in long chains, making DNA and RNA where the sugar and phosphate groups form the chain. This is called the ___

A

phosophate-sugar backbone of the nucleic acid

55
Q

what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases in nucleotides? and they are___ ?

A 
pyrimidines and purines
heterocyclic amines (nitrogen in a ring of carbon)
56
Q

what is RNA (ribonucleic acid)?

A

single-strand nucleic acid, made of ribonucleotides

57
Q

what is DNA?

A

a double-stranded nucleic acid, held together by weak hydrogen bonding

58
Q

what is DNA short for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

59
Q

most amino acids are considered primary, secondary, or tertiary amines?

A

primary amines (R-NH2)

60
Q

many carcinogens fall under what class of amines?

A

heterocyclic amines

61
Q

what are the “must haves” for amino acids

A
  • carboxyl group
  • amine group
  • carbon
  • R group

Spring 2013 / Biochemistry (13 decks)

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