Lecture 1 Inorganic Chemistry Basics Flashcards
what is INORGANIC CHEMISTRY?
chemistry of elements, reactivity, and atomic relationships that are based on elements and their properties
what is ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?
chemistry of CARBON, it’s reactivity and relationships with other elements and the compounds of carbon makes
what is the sub division of ORGANIC CHEM?
- biological
2. non-biological
what is HYLOZOISM?
doctrine that all matter has life
what is an ATOM?
single nucleus made of protons and neutrons, with a cloud of orbiting electrons
what determines the ELEMENT of the atom?
count of protons in a nucleus
what are the characteristics of neutrons?
no electrical charge
balances the instability of positively charged protons
(protons + neutrons = nucleus)
what is SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES?
means atomic particles are divisible
name the smallest unit –> largest unit
particle –> atom –> element –> molecule –> macromolecule
what are the characteristics of HYDROGEN ATOM?
- 1st element
- only element normally w/o NEUTRON
- when it is UNADULTERATED, it has neutral charge [proton (+1) + electron (-1) = 0]
- it becomes HYDROGEN ION (or H+, or proton) when ELECTRON is stripped away
what determines the CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of an element?
of ELECTRONS orbiting nucleus
what is VALENCE?
- the characteristic # of electrons lost or gained from the electron cloud of atom
- valence # determines element’s chemical conduct with other elements
- POS VAL: less electrons than protons
- NEG VAL: more electrons than protons
how is a molecule formed?
when 2 or more atoms interact and bind together by electron behaviors
what gives each element’s its CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS?
the VARIABILITY of electron count (which is the valence)
[ideal atom: electron=protons, but electrons count can vary easily]
layers or electron shells
energetic states of electron cloud, which become increasingly complex as # of electrons increase with the # of protons
ISOTOPE
varying neutron count
*but never less neutrons than protons, except in hydrogen
periodic table
chart of all elements found in nature and synthetic elements created in nuclear reactors
periodicity
valence state of each element
valence state
charge state
(most common loss or gain of electrons from the electron cloud by a particular element)
ex: NA +1 (it easily looses 1 electron, leaving +1 of atom)
ELECTRONEUTRALITY
most important concepts in chemistry
- atoms and molecules are powered by thermodynamic laws of physics and are driven to attain electrically neutral state
- create cellular energy
what re 2 STRONG BONDS?
- ionic bond
2. covalent bond
covalent bond
- freely share electrons
- most common bonds in biochemistry –> almost all CARBON compounds are covalently bonded
ionic bonds
- charge polarities in molecules create electronic attractions of +/- which link atoms by attraction to their opp charge
- form crystalline structures (most minerals & rocks)
hydrogen bonds
- weak bonds
- weak attraction of a covalently bonded hydrogen to any adjacent neg charged atom like oxygen
- sub-par electrochemcial bond
- ex: cellulouse (paper, wood), DNA, RNA
what are the 2 weak bonds
- hydrogen bonds
2. Van der Waals forces
polarity
- having a pos and neg-charged side
- asymmetric imbalance of electronic charge
[ex: H2O is stable, but has a net off-balanced charge –> H +1, H+1, O-2]
non-polarity
symmetrical distribution of its atoms (neutral balanced charge due to the balance of its structure)
ion
an atom that is dissolved in water and has either a pos or neg charge
molecule
2 or more atoms that are bounded together creating complexity
macromolecule
huge # of molecules bonded together to form giant molecules
characteristics of WATER
- polarized molecule (has pos & neg region), which make it a powerful dissolving agent
dissolution
when ionic compound, like NaCl dissolves in water, the sodium (+1) and chlorine (-1) go into solution, and salt crystals is broken up, the atoms distributed throughout the water, but still electrically neutral
dissolution potential
determines how easily or how much of compound will dissolve in water
Do covalent molecules dissolve in water?
yes, but they do not dissociate –> their asymmetrical charge distribution, as in glucose, allows the polarity of water to put the molecule into solution
solubility
- polar substance dissolve in polar fluids like water
- non-polar substances will dissolve in non-polar fluids like carbon tetrachloride or oils
cations
pos charge
ex: Na+, Ca+2
anions
neg charged
ex: Cl-, PO4-
salt
- ionic compounds, when anions and cations crystalize together
- water-based environment of body fluids are salty due to ionizing nature of water creating cations and anions (body needs 2g of sodium per day)
pH
pH 7
percent hydrogen ions
percent of hydrogen where acid and base (alkaline) properties are equal on a scale of 1-14
acid
simple acid compound is sulfuric acid (H2SO4) -> has 2 hydrogen cations compound with 1 sulfate anion
- acid usually has hydrogen as cation
readily reacts with other substances in corrosive way, bc their power to ionize can be very strong
- DNA & citric acid are examples of an acid
hydronium
H3O+
H+
what is the most common anion that produces BASIC solution?
hydroxide ion OH-
the more OH- dissociates into water, the more powerful the base
what is a simple base (alkaline)?
sodium hydroxide (or lye - ex: draino), an ionic compound
NaOH
the “basic” part of this compound as it dissolves is the OH- moiety, like H+, OH- is corrosive
