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Spring 2013 / Biochemistry > Lecture 10 - ENERGY GENERATION- incomplete > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - ENERGY GENERATION- incomplete Flashcards

0
Q

Is Glycolisis an anaerobic or aerobic reaction?

A

Anaerobic, it does not require oxygen.

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1
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. Aerobic does require oxygen and produces CO2 as a byproduct.

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2
Q

What is the most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes use aerobic respiration to generate ATP.

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3
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

An anaerobic enzymatic cascade that produces pyruvate and a very little ATP. (glycolysis produces only 1 ATP for every 19 ATP generated via aerobic respiration)

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4
Q

True or False: Chlorophyll is a porphyrin?

A

TRUE; it carries Magnesium

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5
Q

What is the importance of chlorophyll?

A

possible the most important molecule on earth for maintaining life. it generates oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide.

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6
Q

The two primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration are glycolysis and ß-Oxidation. What do each of these metabolize?

A

glycolosis - sugars

ß-oxidation - fatty acids

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7
Q

glycolysis produces how many pyruvic acids (pyruvate), how many NADH and how many ATP?

A

2 pyruvic acid
2 NADH
2 ATP

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8
Q

What is the result of ß-oxidation?

A

fatty acids metabolized and attached to coenzyme A to become ACA - acetyl coenzyme A

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9
Q

The mitochondrion is made up of an inner membrane and an outer membrane. What are the primary anatomical features of the inner and outer membranes?

A

Outer Membrane - Porins - allow molecules to pass in and out of the mitochondrion selectively.
Inner Membrane - inter-membrane space, cristae - invaginations within the continuous inner membrane.

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10
Q

True or false: the mitochondrion has its own DNA?

A

true: they allow the mitochondrion to synthesize proteins.

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11
Q

Why do mitochondrion float freely with in the cell?

A

They move around to consume product (starches, sugars, ions) they need to produce cellular energy.

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12
Q

The mitochondrion has evolved to create a concentration gradient between the matrix and the inter-membrane space, within its own structure. What is the purpose of this concentration gradient?

A

The inter-membrane space forms the “battery” which stores the energy potential. The goal of the Electron Transport System (step 3 of Aerobic Respiration) is to fill the inter-membrane space with H+ ions in high concentration. This potential energy (concentration gradient of H+) will be utilized to power the manufacture of ATP.

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13
Q

What molecule is concentrated in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondrion?

A

Hydrogen ions (H+) which is really just a Hydrogen proton.

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14
Q

Mitochondrion require a plethora of molecules to generate energy for the body. What are four common and important enzymes found imbedded in the cristae?

A

cytochrome P45o series
Coenzyme Q10
ATP synthase
all are transported across the outer membrane’s porins through specialized transport mechanisms (channel proteins etc)

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15
Q

Why does the mitochondria carry loops of DNA in the matrix to code for the enzymes and proteins needed in ß-oxidation, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

to conserve the genes in the nucleus from having to constantly be unzipped, as the production of ATP by mitochondrial enzymes is voluminous.

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16
Q

What is the level of Oxidative stress in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

very high - oxidative stress regularly wears out the proteins of the mitochondrion.

17
Q

What are the four steps of Aerobic Respiration and where does this activity take place?

A
  1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation (glucose only)- matrix of the Mitochondrion
  2. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) - matrix
  3. Electron Transport Chain - cristae of the mitochondrion
  4. ADP to ATP phosphorylation - cristae
18
Q

What are the results of Aerobic respiration?

A

massive generation of ATP

19
Q

What is ATP used for?

A
  • driving enzymatic catalysis
  • driving membrane transport of proteins
  • driving molecule and macromolecule manufacture (anabolism)
20
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion. What is consumed and what is produced?(in an extremely simplified way)

A

consumes: pyruvate
produces: Acetyl Coenzyme A (which enters the Krebs Cycle), CO2, and 1 NADH

21
Q

Krebs Cycle (or Citric Acid Cycle) takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion. What is consumed and what is produced? (in an extremely simplified way)

A

consumed: carbon is “burned” (using Acetyl Coenzyme A)
produced: energy carrier molecules (NADH & FADH2 among others)

22
Q

The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) is lodged in the cristae of the mitochondrion. In an extremely simplified way, what is happening in this chain?

A

Energy carrier molecules produced from the Krebs Cycle move electrons to power a build-up of potential energy in the mitochondrion to create a battery of energy.

23
Q

How is the energy potential built up in the mitochondrion utilized in Oxidative Phosphorylation or ATP Synthase Phosphorylation?

A

the H+ built up in the inter membrane space after the Electron Transport Chain wants to equilibrate. They are funneled through a transport channel in the cristae membrane that contains the enzyme ATP Synthase - the energy produced allows the high energy phosphorous bond that characterizes ATP to occur.

24
Q

What are the important input molecules in ATP energy generation?

A

Pyruvic Acid (or Pyruvate)
Acetyl Coenzyme A
O2 (Oxygen)
ADP

25
Q

What are the important coenzymes/cofactors in ATP energy generation?

A 
Ubiquinone
Coenzyme A
NAD+/NADH
FAD+/FADH
Coenzyme Lipoamide
FMN (flavin mononucleide)
26
Q

What are the important vitamins in ATP energy generation?

A

Riboflavin (B2)
Thiamine (B1)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Niacin (B3)

27
Q

What are the important Output Molecules in ATP energy generation?

A

ATP
H+
CO2

28
Q

What are the important mineral ions in ATP energy generation?

A 
Mg +2  (magnesium)
Mn +2  (manganese)
Fe +2  (iron)
K+  (potassium)
Cu +2  (copper)
29
Q

What enzyme complex takes 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis and converts they pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A? What process is this the first step to? What is the primary purpose of this step?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex- multiple enzymes that perform several functions with several cofactors in the first stage of
Pyruvate decarboxylation. The main output from the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is acetyl coenzyme A.

30
Q

Why is the Krebs Cycle often called the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

because Citric Acid is the first molecular product when Acetyl Coenzyme A is introduced to the cycle, and it is the carbons from Citric Acid that are “burned”

31
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

to oxidize, burn carbon from ACA (acetyl coenzyme A) and produce energy carrying molecules.

32
Q

How many energy carrying molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

6 energy carrying molecules are produced (3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 1 succinate)

33
Q

In sum, Krebs produces: (knowledge for testing purposes)

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

34
Q

Which does NOT happen during pyruvate decarboxylation?

(a) coenzyme A is acetylated
(b) coenzyme lipoamide is recycled
(c) 1 ATP is released
(d) 1 NADH is released

A

(c) 1 ATP is released

35
Q

True or False: In a generalized way, the Krebs cycle oxidizes carbon.

A

True

36
Q

True or False: The purpose of the Electron Transport Chain is to produce molecules to enter the Krebs cycle.

A

False

37
Q

Which molecule is the most abundant product of the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH

38
Q

True or False: the fluid-filled areas of the mitochondrion are the inter-membrane space and the matrix.

A

True

39
Q

True or False: Acetyl Coenzyme A (ACA) is the only molecule that replenishes carbon in the Krebs Cycle.

A

True

40
Q

True or False: Glycolysis can happen in the cytoplasm and in mitochondrion.

A

True

Spring 2013 / Biochemistry (13 decks)

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