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Spring 2013 / Biochemistry > Week 4 - Lyndsay > Flashcards

Week 4 - Lyndsay Flashcards

0
Q

Anucleated

A

Cells that have their nucleus removed.

Red blood cells are anucleated, they have their nucleus removed while maturing in the marrow. This causes them to only live for 3-4 months

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1
Q

Uninucleate

A

A cell with only one nucleus. This is most common.

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2
Q

Multinucleated

A

Cells with more than one nucleus.

Most common in nerve and muscle cells for increased efficiency.

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

A

It stores the genetic material (DNA) and the structures used for cell division and protein synthesis.

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4
Q

How do the eukaryotic cells of plants differ from those of animals?

A

Vacuoles - turgid liquid providing strength
Cell wall - providing rigidity outside the plasmalemma
Chloroplasts - converting carbon dioxide to oxygen

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5
Q

Chromatin - what is it?

A

genetic code (DNA) not tightly wound so it can be read for transcription.

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Layers of folded, convoluted lipid bilayer membranes.
Almost completely fill the cell.
ER gives structure to the cell and is a vast transportation and storage system.
ER gives enzymes contained spaces in which to work.

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton - what does it do?

A

Holds the many membranes of the cell in place

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8
Q

How do smooth and rough ER differ?

A

Smooth ER has no attached ribosomes.

Rough ER has attached ribosomes

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9
Q

Nuclear Envelope- What is it?

A

a double layer membrane that contains pores which allow materials to pass selectively in and out of the nucleus

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10
Q

What are the two types of Chromatin?

A

Euchromatin - less tightly packed and readily available for DNA transcription
Heterochromatin - DNA not used by the cell

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11
Q

Function of SER & RER

A

organize the interior of the cell
allow organized transport of molecular products like proteins and lipids
allow space for enzymes to manufacture necessary molecules like lipids, hormones, enzymes and carbohydrates
creates vacuoles for storage and vesicles for transportation

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12
Q

Which ER can form itself into Golgi Complex?

A

Smooth ER

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13
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

flattened ER found near the nucleus

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14
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Complex?

A

Receives proteins, carbohydrates and lipids from ER
enzymes inside modify and concentrate proteins, lipids
materials are packaged into secretory vesicles which pinch off and move to needed sites.

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15
Q

What is it called when vesicles or vacuoles transport materials out of the cell?

A

exocytosis

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16
Q

There are many membranes in a cell. What is the outer cell membrane called?

A

plasmalemma

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17
Q

What are the primary ions dissolved in cytoplasm?

A

Ca+2
Na+2
K+
Cl-

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18
Q

What are the two basic classifications of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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19
Q

What types of life forms contain prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and viruses

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20
Q

What types of life forms contain eukaryotic cells?

A

fungi, plants, animals (humans), protazoa

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21
Q

Ribosome - What happens here and how?

A

Manufacture of proteins from translated genetic code via messenger RNA and amino acids.
Consists of 2 subunits (a 30s and 50s)
the 50s subunit has a tunnel like space inside it which allows products to enter and exit.

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22
Q

What is the active site of a ribosome?

A

the location in an enzyme where the enzyme catalyses reactions. located in the 50s subunit of RNA.

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23
Q

Why is a ribosome sometimes called a ribozyme?

A

because of the enzymatic function of the RNA in synthesizing proteins.

24
Q

Mitochondrion - what is it?

A

a highly specialized organelle with a double membrane.
Theorized that is was a prokaryotic organism that began a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic cell and has evolved as an integral part of eukaryotes. Not found in prokaryotes.

25
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondrion?

A

it makes ATP

via very complex enzymatic cascades.

26
Q

Does mitochondria have its own DNA?

A

Yes, They can divide by themselves, separately of their host cells via fission. they make all their own enzymes.

27
Q

How many mitochondrion do cells have?

A

Depends on the function of the cell.

Cells with high metabolic requirements will have a greater number of mitochondrion. bone - not many. myo - many.

28
Q

Does the sperm contribute mitochondrion?

A

no - all comes from the egg.

29
Q

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondrion called and how does it function? What are the other membranes?

A

Cristae. formed from invaginations from the inner membrane. hold enzyme complexes that function separately from the rest of the inner membrane. all is inclosed in the outer membrane. The space between is called inter membrane space.

30
Q

Vacuoles and vesicles - what are they in general?

A

pinched off from ER and Golgi bodies and filled with a specific product for transport. eg peroxisomes are hydrogen peroxide filled vacuoles.

31
Q

What is it called when particles or external masses are surrounded by part of the plasmalemma to incorporate or expel it into/out of the cell?

A

endocytosis or phagocytosis (in)

exocytosis (out)

32
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

common vacuole that digests proteins.

Lys - to split or digest

33
Q

What is the act of breaking down complex substances by enzymes into smaller molecules called?

A

Catabolism

34
Q

What is the building processes of the cell that assembles structures and stores molecules called?

A

anabolism

35
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

gives a cell volume and structure.

36
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Microtubules - stiff protein tubes

37
Q

What are the two types of microtubules?

A

Intermediate filaments

microfilaments

38
Q

What are filaments mostly made of?

A

actin - a protein which can stretch and contract within the cell

39
Q

cells adhere to each other to form what?

A

Tissues

40
Q

how do the cells stick to each other to form tissues?

A

Cells adhere by tight junctions and communicate via desmosomes.
This provides structure and function.

41
Q

What is a cell primarily structured by?

A

lipid bilayer membranes of phospholipids, cholesterol and embedded proteins.

42
Q

What is the most abundant molecule of membranes?

A

Phospholipids. They give the membrane its primary properties.

43
Q

What is the function of a membrane?

A

Give separation.
give efficiency and organization to cell.
protect from external imbalance.
allows selective transport of almost any material in or out of cell (including H2O)
creates ground for manufacture and storage space for cell products

44
Q

Are phospholipids polar or non-polar?

A

Both. The phosho is polar and the lipid is non-polar.

45
Q

Who does the bilayer form?

A

The polar (phospho) ends attract to each other and the non-polar ends attach forming rows. The polar side is hydrophilic and is the side of the membrane that face into water based fluids. Between the two layers of phospholipids it is hydrophobic.

46
Q

What contributes to the complexity of the plasmalemma?

A

imbedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoprotiens, protein channels and many more things sticking out of the membrane that perform functions.

47
Q

What do receptor proteins do?

A

bind hormones and transmitters

48
Q

What do channel proteins do?

A

Selectively allows ions and molecules through the membrane. Eg calcium must be transported in.

49
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

carries hormones or other molecules through the membrane. eg insulin.

50
Q

What do carbohydrates imbedded in plasmalemma, ER and RER do?

A

The glycogen based moieties operate as cell lubricants, adhesives, identifying markers and receptors.

51
Q

What are two types of carbohydrates found in the membranes called?

A

glycolipids - lipid glycogen molecules

glycoproteins - protein glycogen molecules

52
Q

What is active transport?

A

proteins on the plasmalemma use ATP to move molecules in and out of the cell. Usually occurs against the concentration gradient.

53
Q

What is Passive Transport?

A

proteins utilize natural chemical gradients of concentration or other properties to move molecules in and out of the cell without expending any energy.

54
Q

What do Channel Proteins do?

A

allow selective transport of ions, hormones, and molecules like glucose into or out of a cell.
Usually fueld by ATP and work against the concentration gradient.
Active Transport.

55
Q

What do Carrier Proteins do?

A

Move larger molecules than channels, and often use passive transport as well as active transport.

56
Q

What are Receptors?

A

proteins which are the communication devices of the cell and its nearby bloodstream and tissues. They receive molecular signals from the exterior and communicate a message to the interior of the cell.

57
Q

What is a ligand?

A

The name for the messenger molecule (be it hormone, ion, neurotransmitter, protein) that binds to the receptor protein to communicate with the cell. It will start a cascade of activities signaling the cell of changed conditions without it.

58
Q

What is a G -protein Receptor?

A

A common receptor type with complex activity. It is the receptor protein that 50% of pharmaceutical drugs are designed to affect. The G-protein receptor is activated and then in a complex signaling process it activates other channels within the cell.

Spring 2013 / Biochemistry (13 decks)

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