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my psych hps111 > wk4 macroanatomy > Flashcards

wk4 macroanatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the encephalization quotient(EQ)?

A

EQ =log of species average brain mass divided by

log of species average body mass. Generally, the higher the EQ, the higher the average species intelligence

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2
Q

Describe Deep Brain Stimulation

A

Somewhat reversible.Invasive. Requires surgery to place electrodes deep in brain. Used therapeutically eg. Parkinsons,OCD,essential tremor.

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3
Q

‘Describe EEG

A

Recording electrodes placed on scalp. Non invasive.

High level of temporal resolution, but poor spatial.

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4
Q

Describe Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Non invasive. High spatial resolution(within 1mm).Can set scanner for white matter or grey matter or cerebrospinal fluid.Pulse measures reactions of hydrogen atoms.

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5
Q

Describe functional MagneticResonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Non invasive. Measures neural activity indirectly, by measuring oxygenated blood(=bold contrast). Views tissue differences with respect to time.

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6
Q

Describe Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Invasive. Radioactive chemicals injected i/v. Select a radiotracer which binds eg to glucose,water,dopamine,GABA etc. See how brain processes over time.Good spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution.

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7
Q

List methods used to understand the relationship between brain and behaviour.

A
  1. anecdotes
  2. lesioning
  3. brain imaging during behaviours
  4. brain stimulation to induce a behaviour.
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8
Q

List invasive techniques of brain imaging

A
  1. lesioning
  2. deep brain stimulation
  3. psychosurgery
  4. PET (not very ivasive)
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9
Q

list non invasive brain imaging techniques

A
  1. rTMS
  2. MRI
  3. EEG
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10
Q

When would be appropriate to use EEG

A

when wish to see very quickly if there is brain activirt and doesn’t matter where precisely.best for assessing medical “brain death”, seizure disorders, sleep disorders and head injury.

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11
Q

define spatial resolution

A

How precisely one can correlate findings to a precise area

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12
Q

define temporal resolution

A

How quickly the response follows the stimulus. A measure of how fast the test result is perceived.

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13
Q

Describe TMS and what it is useful for

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation..Magnets at scalp induce an electrical impulse within the brain.Used to stimulate specific brain areas. Used esp in depression, to increase activity in regions of suboptimal activity.

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14
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A

The largest part of the forebrain. Composed of sulci and gyri.Fissures are the very deep clefts Composed of the following lobes;
temporal,parietal,occipital,frontal.

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15
Q

list the components of the hindbrain.

A

pons,medulla oblongata,reticular formation,cerebellum

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16
Q

what part of the brin is responsible for breathing and heart rate?

A

medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Describe the parts of the brain involved in sleep and their roles

A
  1. The reticular formation maintains arousal and consciousness.
  2. The hypothalamaus. Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)within the hypothalamus inhibit the signals from the reticular formation, to promote sleep.
  3. Pons also plays a part.
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18
Q

Information from your muscles, organs and glands comes through which hindbrain region?

A

Ascending Pathway-part of the reticular formation, which is deep within the medulla and pons.

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19
Q

describe the cerebellum

A

Located in hindbrain. Imortant for smoothing out muscle control.

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20
Q

List and describe the parts of the midbrain

A
  1. Tectum-superior colliculus(involved in vision and eye movements) and inferior colliculus (involved in hearing)
  2. cerebral peduncle-nerve fibres connecting cerebrum with cerebellum. Contains tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra (produces dopamine which is used in muscle control and reward)
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21
Q

describe the role of the thalamus

A

part of forebrain.Involved in sending infoto cerebral cortex.Involved in spatial awareness. Involved in consciousness, sleep and alertness.
sits in the centre of the brain. has a part in both left and right lobe.Acts as a “relay station”. sends sensory info including taste,touch,vision,hearing to primary cortices for further processing.

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22
Q

describe problems with the thalamus

A
  1. in schizophrenia, there appears to be a reduction in the size of the thalamus.Thought this means thalamus sends garbled sensory info, therefore confusing sensory experiences and hallucinations.
  2. studies in rats learnt a sequence by smells, but when certain parts of the thalamus was damaged, they were impaired in their ability to do this.
  3. In humans, disruption of anterior thalamic nuclei associated with severe anterograde amnesia.
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23
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

4f”s.fighting/fleeing/feeding/fucking.Know this because damage to vetromedial hypothalamus in rats caused increased eating, damage to lateral hypothalamus caused decreased eating,. Other studies showed damage causing increased aggression, increased defence behaviours

24
Q

What happens when the basal ganglia are damaged?

A

Parkinson’s may occur. This tells us basal ganglia are involved in movement.

25
Q

Our understanding of the basal ganglia has allowed us to develop what treatments?

A

Deep brain stimulation. Electrodes inserted here can help Parkinson’s-go from extremely shaky to smoothly coordinated, but with other medications also.

26
Q

What functions is the hippocampus involved in?

A

Consolidating new memories,spatial awareness,learning. One hippocampus per hemishere. Sits to side of thalamus and basal ganglia.Involved in learning new facts and knowledge.
Henry Molaison had severe epilepsy so had both hippocampi surgically removed. epilepsy controlled but could form no new memories.

27
Q

The amygdalae are traditionally associated with what? What is the evidence for this?

A

Tradionally associated with fear/aggression responses.(subject with a rare congenital disease with damaged amygdala, had NO fear).
Also thought involved in memory (emotional memory).Considered to be a “relevance detector”for environmental stimuli.

28
Q

Describe sulci and gyri.

A

Sulci=”valleys”in cerebral cortex
gyri=”hills in cerebral cortex.
therefore much larger total surface area, therefore increaed capacility/efficiency for intelligence.

29
Q

What connects the 2 brain hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum. May be severed surgically in extreme cases of epilepsy. But if severed, will have issues with contralateral interpretaion.eg,show object to left side=recognised, show object to right side=not recognised BUT can be picked up by left hand (which is controlled by right brain).
The corpus callosum is a bridge of neural tissue connecting the 2 hemispheres

30
Q

Describe the organization of the motor cortex.

A

Part of frontal lobe. From top of skull to ears.Upper region controls feet, legs,groin and torso. Lower region, is larger, and controls hands and face.

31
Q

What types of cognitive function is the DLPFC involved in?

A

Part of frontal lobe. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Involved in “ëxecutive functions”, including problem solving,holding items in working memory, engaging in deep thought, maintaining goals or rules during performance of tasks, future planning and inhibiting inappropriate responses. Most of our ability for abstract thought.

32
Q

Describe the somatosensory cortex.

A

Part of parietal lobe.Receives incoming info re pain, touch,pressure,pain etc. Involved in pain perception and spatial awareness.Upper area for feet, legs,torso and lower region(larger area) for face and hands.

33
Q

Describe the parietal lobe.

A

Processes sensory info.Just behind frontal lobes.
“Hemispatial neglect”is a condition where there is damage to one side of the parietal lobe. This results in a deficit in attention and awareness of vision to contralateral side.
some patients with parietal lobe deficiencies are unresponsive to pain.

34
Q

Where is visial info processed in the brain?

A

In the visual cortex, part of the occipital lobe.

35
Q

What is cortical blindness?

A

Blindness due to issue with visual cortex. May still have intact pupillary responses. May or may not be recoverable from. Vision loss may be partial.

36
Q

Where in the brain does auditory info get processed?

A

temporal lobe(in the primary auditory cortex)

37
Q

Describe the fusiform face area

A

Situated in both left and right inferior temporal cortex. Usually slightly larger on right unless left handed. Role in place recognition, face recognition, shape recognition and word form.

38
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Lost ability to recognise formerly familiar faces.Due to damage to temporal lobes(usually right)

39
Q

What is visial agnosia?

A

Loss of ability to recognise objects,voices,faces or places, due to damage to temporal lobes.There may also be language difficulties.

40
Q

left temporal lesion may cause?

A

disruption to recognition of words.

41
Q

Right temporal lesion may cause?

A

loss of inhibition to talking.

42
Q

Describe Broca’s area

A

in the dominant (usually left) frontal lobe. Involved in speech production.Broca’s aphasia has damage here. has impairment to producing fluent speech.

43
Q

Describe Wernicke’s area

A

In parietal and temporal lobe. Involved in understanding speech and using the correct word choice. Wernicke’s aphasia has damage here and causes fluent but non sensical speech and poor comprehension

44
Q

describe medulla oblongata

A

part of hindbrain. Sits at top of spinal cord (considered an extension of it).Important for cardiovascular control,breathing,heart rate,v+, coughing, sneezing. several sensory and motor pathways. damage to can be life threathening.

45
Q

describe the pons

A

Part of hindbrain. sits on top of medulla.Contains several pathways that send info from face, eyes, ears to brain. Neurons from one side of the brain cross over to other side, here.Involved in regulation of sleep,especially REM sleep.

46
Q

Sensory input from which sense does NOT go via the thalamus?

A

smell

47
Q

describe sensory input pathway from tongue

A

tongue to thalamus to gustatory cortex

48
Q

describe visual sensory input pathway

A

eyes to lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus to primary visual cortex

49
Q

describe auditory sensory input pathway

A

ears to medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus to auditory cortex

50
Q

describe the basal ganglia.

A

Group of older phylogenetical structures deep within the brain. They are within the cerebral hemishepres.
Consist of globus pallidus,caudate nucleus,putamen,subthalamic nucleus,substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens.Involved in muscle movement, music playing and reward.

51
Q

Describe the frontal lobes

A

Part of cerebral cortex. Involved in sef-initiated voluntary movement, aspects of personality, working memory, reward and punishment. Comprises the primary motor cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

52
Q

Describe the temporal lobes

A

Below frontal lobes.Auditory processing,object recognition,facial recognition.Contains primary auditory cortex.

53
Q

Describe the parietal lobes

A

Behind frontal lobes. Sensory processing and spacial navigation and spatial awareness.Contains the somatosensory cortex

54
Q

Describe occipital lobes

A

Just above hindbrain.Visual processing.Damage here can cause cortical blindness.

55
Q

What is achromatopsia?

A

Colour blindness. due to damage to part of occipital lobe (cerebral achromatopsia). Can also get congental genetic achromatopsia from cone issue)

56
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

difficulty seeing movement. believed due to damage to occipitotemporal cortex

57
Q

Describe the fusiform gyrus

A

Also called occipitotemporal gyrus. Spans the base of both temporal and occipital lobes.

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