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my psych hps111 > week6 sensation and perception > Flashcards

week6 sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

define sensation

A

awareness resulting from the stimulation of a sense organ. Describes physical effects on our nervous system.

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2
Q

define perception

A

the organization and interpretation of sensations.Describes the psychological effect of sensations upon us.

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3
Q

Who were the first psychophysicists to measure how sensitive we are to various stimuli?ie how much is required for us to reliably detect it.

A

Weber and Fechner

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4
Q

What is the Absolute Threshold?

A

The intensity of a stimulus which allows an organism to barely detect it 50% of the time.Our individual thresholds are different and change with time and context.

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5
Q

What is a subliminal stimuli?

A

Stimulus below level of Absolute Threshold.

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6
Q

Describe Weber-Fechner’s Law

A

The Difference Threshold is a constant proportion of the baseline against which the comparison is being made,
(change in intensity) divided by (baseline intensity or Ï”) = a constant. eg If k=0.2=20%, then if have 100 dots (I=100), need 120 dots to notice the difference reliably.

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7
Q

What is the Signal Detection Theory?

A

Splits a person’s performance in detecting Absolute Thresholds into a) sensory sensitivity (precision)(how good sense organs are)
and b) cognitive response bias.(confidence/motivation)

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8
Q

What makes us intelligent perceivers?

A

Combination of sensation and decision making.

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9
Q

What is Sensory Transduction?

A

Pysical energy converted into electrochemical activity. carried out by sensory receptors.

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10
Q

Describe simple sensory receptors

A

Neural cell with dendrites exposed to environment. Especially for touch,pain, pressure. Rubbing eg alters their environment, therefore they produce a neural impulse (electrochemical event)

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11
Q

Describe Encapsulated sensory receptors

A

Dendritic nerve endings covered by a tissue layer which enhances stimulus detection or decreases irrelevant ones. eg Pacinian Corpuscles of the skin, respond to vibration.

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12
Q

Describe Complex receptor types

A

Dendrites fundamentally modified. Key components of specialised sensory organs.

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13
Q

List the special senses

A

vision, hearing,smell,taste,balance. Touch and pain to a far lesser extent.

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14
Q

The wavelength of light determines?

A

Perceived colour

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15
Q

The amplitude of light determines

A

Perceived intensity, or energy level.

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16
Q

2 types of photoreceptors in the eye are?

A

Rods and cones

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17
Q

describe cones

A

3 types, each most sensitive to either blue, green or red.Packed densely on retina esp centrally, therefore high resolution.

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18
Q

What do rods detect?

A

Rods detect light at low levels (scotopic vision). low spatial acuity. They are at the periphery of the retina.

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19
Q

Describe Retinal Ganglion Cells.

A

The neural activity of rods and cones influences other neurons. the overall effect of this is to influence the retinal ganglion cells. Their axons carry visual info via optic nerve to brain.

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20
Q

How do neurons of the visual cortex respond?

A

Receive and integrate various inputs. Respond selectively either to patterns of light and dark, or, to directions of movement. Therefore known as “Feature detector neurons

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21
Q

“What is myopia

A

near sighted. see near objects well. Either cornea or lens is too strong, or eyeball too large.

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22
Q

What is Hyperopia?

A

Far sighted. Cornea/lens too weak or eyeball too small.

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23
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Lens has lost its refractive ability. Unable to see near objects. Affects everyone as they age.

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24
Q

What is the most common form of colour blindness?

A

deficiency in red or green cones. affects 1 in 50, more often men. Deuteranomia is inability to see green, and is the most common type.

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25
Q

What is the Trichomacy Theory?

A

The colour we perceive depends on relative activity of 3 cone types. 16 million colours possible.

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26
Q

What is the Opponent-Process Theory?

A

colour we perceive depends on relative activity of 3 pairings of colour sensitive neurons, where 1 of pair inhibits other in pair.Pairings are red/green, blue/yellow (yellow is combination of red and green) and black/ white.This theory explains after-images.

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27
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

Looks at mind and behaviour as a whole.In terms of visual principles, states that we tend to:

1) group features into figure versus ground object
2) group similar features into coherent objects
3) group close features into coherent objects
4) group features favouring continuity of an object
5) fill in apparant gaps to complete objects

28
Q

Binocular cues?

A

utilize and compare between the 2 eyes

29
Q

Convergence?

A

extent to which our eyes need to “cross”in order to focus. A cue for the distance of the object

30
Q

Binocular disparity?

A

(retinal disparity or stereopsis). Comparison of visual info b/n eyes. Most sensitive type of depth info. Closer objects diverge on retinas and further ones converge.depth detectors

31
Q

Explain the perception of motion.

A

Happens without cognitive intervention. Some neurons are motion detectors.

32
Q

Beta effect?

A

Show series in still images, with slight location changes, in quick succession. Therefore perceive fluid movement. eg. movie reel.

33
Q

Phi phenomenon?

A

2 seperate images flickered on and off in alteration.. Perceive fluid movement.

34
Q

Describe soundwaves

A

vibrational energy. sinewave function. time on x xis and pressure (positive =compression and negative =expansion)y axis. Amplitude =loudness or intensity of sound, decibels. Frequency=tone or pitch, hertz. We can hear between 20-20000hertz.

35
Q

describe hearing

A
  1. Sound wave focused via pinna into ear canal.
  2. ear drum vibrates.
  3. audiory ossicles amplify vibrations
  4. oval window of cochlea vibrates
  5. basilar and tectorial mebranes move
  6. Mechanoreceptors (hair cells) sitting on basilar membrane, with their cillia embedded in tectorial membrane,transduce vibrational energy into electrical.
  7. Hair cell axons form Auditory nerve, impulse to brain.
36
Q

How are neurons of the auditory cortex arranged?

A

Tonotopically. Neurons sensitive to higher pitch arranged further along surface, towards back of brain.

37
Q

What is Conductive Hearing Loss?

A

Inability of either tympanic membrane, or ossicles, to vibrate

38
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss?

A

damage to cilia of hair cells caused by prolonged loud noise

39
Q

Tinnitus?

A

A ringing or buzzing sensation either idiopathic or from damage to cilia. May or may not be temporary.

40
Q

Cochlear implant?

A

Tiny strip of electrodes implanted alongside basilar membrane. Bypassess damaged cilia.

41
Q

Binaural neurons

A

receive inpt from both ears. Therefore can compare intensity difference and estimate location

42
Q

Frequency Theory

A

oscillation of basilar membrane same as source But theory doesn’t hold for how can hear higher pitches as hair cells can’t fire that fast

43
Q

Volley Principle

A

ensembles of hairs can collectively code for pitch

44
Q

Place Theory

A

basilar membrane stiffer at apex.therefore more high frequency at base. Therefore cilia location also codes for pitch

45
Q

Neurons of secondary auditory cortex

A

integrate outputs from multiple neurons from primary auditory cortex and thalamus, to detect complex sounds, such as speech.

46
Q

taste and smell receptors

A

Cheoreceptors. lock and key model. May become permanently locked but taste buds and epithelial cells are very rapidly replaced.

47
Q

list taste types

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, piquancy (spiciness), umami (savoury)

48
Q

olfactory receptor cells

A

100”s of specialised types.Their tendrils extend out of the epithelium into the air.

49
Q

Olfactory and gustatory cortex

A

adjacent . between temporal and frontal lobes. Interact and interconnect with areas of spatial memory, therefore strong link between smells and emotional memory. smell and taste work together to form perception of taste/smell.

50
Q

touch

A

diverse range of mechanoreceptors in skin.

51
Q

proprioceptors

A

respond to movement/strain in muscles, tendons, joints

52
Q

mechanoreceptors in vestibular system

A

detect fluid rushing in semicircular canals due to head movement

53
Q

nociceptors

A

have free nerve endings in many areas of body, to detect pain.

54
Q

Pain

A

Processed by many parts of spinal cord, subcortical brain, and cortical brain. Sometimes only as far as spinal cord, therefore generate a reflex

55
Q

Gate Control Theory of Pain

A

Neuronal pain signals compete with signals of touch/pressure/vibration. The experience of pain also influenced by context and expectation, level of attention etc etc.

56
Q

Placebo effect

A

believe treatment will work, so expect eg less pain, so eg experience less pain

57
Q

nocebo effect

A

pain experienced on the expectation of pain but not on its actual delivery.

58
Q

visual agnosias

A

visual perception problems. normal vision but difficulty organising shapes, colours,patterns, into integrated precepts of object recognition

59
Q

apperceptive visual agnosia

A

eg difficulty identifying object in cluttter or superimposed environment. eg difficulty identifing an object viewed fro an abnormal angle. eg. difficulty identifying object when there is extensive shadowing

60
Q

associative visual object agnosia

A

can recognise objects, can cope with clutter and shadowing, but can’t draw an object from memory and can’t identify function of visualised objects. Problem linking object perception with object knowledge.

61
Q

prosopagnosia

A

subtype of associative agnosia. Inability to recognise faces, even sometimes their own

62
Q

Integrative agnosia

A

problem both with apperceptive and associative agnosia

63
Q

auditory agnosia

A

difficulties recognising/understanding sounds/language

64
Q

tactile agnosia

A

difficulty recognising objects by touch

65
Q

anosognosia

A

difficulty in perceiving damage or illness in one’s own body.eg. stroke victim cannot move right arm but is completely unaware of inability and denies it.

my psych hps111 (10 decks)

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