WK18D3 Inflammation

Question 1

Briefly after wound, __ occurs. Then, vasodilation due to smooth muscle relaxation mediated by __, __, __. Results in increased flow and transient ___ of fluid.

Answer 1

Vasoconstriction
NO, histamine, PGI2
transudation

Question 2

4 ways of vascular leakage or increased permeability include

Answer 2

endothelial contraction (briefly), then junctional retraction. Also via direct injury or leukocyte-dependent damage.

Question 3

How do endothelial cells attract leukocytes? Which molecules do leukocyte rolling and binding?

Answer 3

Histamine, bradykinin, endotoxin, cytokines (IL-1/TNF-alpha)
Rolling: P-selectin
Binfing: integrins and Ig-like proteins

Question 4

If you see neutrophils in a wound (<24 hr old), it is ___ inflammation. Also involved are ___, ___, and ___. In 48-72 hr period, they are replaced by ___.

Answer 4

acute
macs, eos, basos
monocytes

Question 5

Endothelial junctions and invaginations express self-binding ____. Leukocytes express it and bind to everted ____ so they can begin ___. No ___ is lost in the process.

Answer 5

PECAM (CD31)
invaginations
diapedesis
fluid

Question 6

Chemokine concentration gradients are important for ___. The gradient is maintained via local retention on ___ and ___. The ___ acts as a sink removing chemokines from circulation to maintain gradient.

Answer 6

Chemotaxis
proteoglycans, nearby endothelium
Duffy antigen receptor

Question 7

4 Oxygen dependent killing mechanisms include __. If their production is broken, you have ___. O2-independent mecanisms include

Answer 7

superoxides, myeloperoxidase-dependent killing (bleach), hydroxyl radicals, H2O2
Chronic granulomatous disease
lysozyme, lactoferrin, MBP, defensin, BPI

Question 8

4 end-results of acute inflammation. It may involve this gross substance…

Answer 8

Resolution, scarring, abscess, chronic inflammation

pus

Question 9

Major immune cell types for chronic inflammation include __, __, and ___. Non-immune cell types are ___ and ___.

Answer 9

Monocyte, plasma cell, lymphocytes

Fibroblast and endothelial cell

Question 10

Macrophages are key in chronic inflammation because…

Answer 10

Killing ability
Long-lived
Proliferative
Chemotactic for other cells

Question 11

Chronic granulomatous inflammation can be seen via ___. They are ___ aggregates of ___ macs. Occur when ___ aren’t removed, induced by __. Classic examples are…

Answer 11

Circumscribed
Epithelioid
Pathogens
T-cell mediated rxns (Th1)
TUBERCULOSIS, syphilis, sarcoid (in SE US), fungal, foreign bodies.

Question 12

Systemic effects of inflammation

Answer 12

Fever
Cachexia
Leukocytosis
Coagulopathy
Capillary Leakage

Question 13

Inflammatory molecules __, ___, and ___ induce __ from the liver. Important ones include ___, ___, ___.

Answer 13

IL-1, TNF, IL-6
Liver
C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, SAA (serum amyloid protein).

Question 14

NOS isoenzymes have 3 types: Type I (nNos) is constitutive in ___, __-dependent. Type II (iNOS) is ___ by __, __, __,and __. Type III (eNOS) constitutive in ___ and regulates ___ and ___.

Answer 14

neurons, Ca++
inducible, TNF-alpha, IL-1, LPS, IFN-gamma
endothelium
vascular tone, leukocyte recruitment

Question 15

Defensins are antimicrobial molecules released from ___ cells in intestinal ___.

Answer 15

Paneth cells

crypts

Question 16

Autosomal recessive disorder, defective MT polymerization forming giant lysosomes in WBCs.
It results in ____, associated with ___.

Answer 16

Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Recurrent infections
Albinism