wk 8 - Lipoproteins Flashcards
The surface of lipoproteins contains the __________ components phospholipids and apolipoproteins, whereas the core contains the ___________ components triglycerides and cholesteryl ester.
a) Hydrophilic
b) Hydrophobic
The surface of lipoproteins contains the Hydrophobic components phospholipids and apolipoproteins, whereas the core contains the Hydrophilic components triglycerides and cholesteryl ester.
Atherosclerosis occurs in case of diabetes, when there is:
a) High insulin and high lipoprotein lipase
b) High insulin and low lipoprotein lipase
c) Low insulin and low lipoprotein lipase
d) Low insulin and high lipoprotein lipase
Atherosclerosis occurs in case of diabetes, when there is low insulin and low lipoprotein lipase
Elevated HDL and low LDL cholesterol are _______ risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Elevated HDL and low LDL cholesterol are negative risk factors for atherosclerosis.
In case of _________, low insulin doesn’t activate LPL in ________ Accordingly, _________ accumulate and deposit in the artery causes _________.
a) Adipocytes
b) Atherosclorosis
c) Diabetes
d) Heart
e) Triglycerides
In case of diabetes, low insulin doesn’t activate LPL in adipocytes Accordingly, triglycerides accumulate and deposit in the artery causes atherosclerosis
Cholesterol could be found
a) Inside the cells
b) Inside, outside, and within the cells
c) Outside the cells
d) Within the cells
b) Inside, outside, and within the cells
Cells that need lipids will express ____ receptors to attract chylomicrons to cleave the lipids from the chylomicron. The left over chylomicrons (remnant) will go to the _____.
Cells that need lipids will express LPL (lipoprotein lipase) receptors to attract chylomicrons to cleave the lipids from the chylomicron. The left over chylomicrons (remnant) will go to the Liver.
______ is synthesized by the liver, and ________ are synthesized from the GIT.
a) VLDL
b) IDL
c) Chylomicron
d) LDL
e) HDL
VLDL is synthesized by the liver, and chylomicrons are synthesized from the GIT.
____________ is the storage form of cholesterol.
The cholesterol ester is the storage form of cholesterol.
An ____________ molecule is a molecule containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties.
An amphipathic molecule is a molecule containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties.
One of the functions of ___________ is to regulate the metabolism of lipoproteins and their uptake in tissues.
a) Apolipoprotein
b) Lipoprotein receptor
c) Cholesterol
d) HDL
e) LDL
a) Apolipoprotein
Binding of LDL to its LDL-receptor is mediated by the apoprotein ___________
a) Apo A-I
b) Apo A-II
c) APO B 100
d) Apo E
c) APO B 100
The following are characteristics of __________
- Component of cell and organelle membranes
- Precursor for steroid hormones
- Precursor for vitamin D
- Precursor for synthesis of bile acids and salts
Cholesterol
_____ primarily takes cholesterol from the peripheral tissues back to the liver
HDL primarily takes cholesterol from the peripheral tissues back to the liver
- High LDL cholesterol
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypertension
- Smoking
- High triglycerides
are all _________ risk factors for atherosclerosis
- High LDL cholesterol
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypertension
- Smoking
- High triglycerides
are all positive risk factors for atherosclerosis
In the _________ lipid cycle, apolipoproteins will make __________ from the food in the intestine and will distribute it to tissues through blood. These tissues as skeletal muscles and adipose tissues will produce lipoproteins lipase LPL, which will remove __________ from chylomicrons and reduce their size. The remnant chylomicron will be removed by the ___________.
a) Chylomicrons
b) Cholesterols
c) Exogenous
d) Triglycerides
e) Liver
In the exogenous lipid cycle, apolipoproteins will make chylomicrons from the food in the intestine and will distribute it to tissues through blood. These tissues as skeletal muscles and adipose tissues will produce lipoproteins lipase LPL, which will remove triglycerides from chylomicrons and reduce their size. The remnant chylomicron will be removed by the liver.
Lipoproteins are composed of all the following 4 lipids:
- Cholesterol
- Phospholipids
- Proteins
- Triglycerides
____ is capable of picking up cholesterol, carried internally, from cells and return it back to liver, to get rid of it.
HDL is capable of picking up cholesterol, carried internally, from cells and return it back to liver, to get rid of it.
Cells that need lipids (e.g. adipocytes and muscle) will express __________ receptors on its surface.
a) Lipoprotein lipase
b) Cholesterol
c) HDL
d) LDL
a) Lipoprotein lipase
In the _______ lipid cycle, the _______ will produce _______ and will transport it through apolipoproteins to the blood stream, where it will be distributed to tissues. These tissues will produce lipoproteins lipase LPL, which will remove triglycerides TG from VLDL and reduce their size to _______ then to ________.
a) VLDL
b) IDL
c) Endogenous
d) LDL
e) Liver
In the exogenous lipid cycle, the liver will produce VLDL and will transport it through apolipoproteins to the blood stream, where it will be distributed to tissues. These tissues will produce lipoproteins lipase LPL, which will remove triglycerides TG from VLDL and reduce their size to IDL then to LDL.
The lipoprotein with the highest amount of proteins per molecule is:
a) Chylomicrons
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL
b) HDL
The largest lipoproteins in terms of size is:
a) Chylomicron
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL
a) Chylomicron
________ will be hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase to release ________, which will be uptake by the muscle and adipose tissue.
a) VLDL
b) Free fatty acid
c) Chylomicron and VLDL
d) LDL and HDL
e) HDL
Chylomicrons and VLDL will be hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase to release Free fatty acids, which will be uptake by the muscle and adipose tissue.
Triglycerides are __________ whereas phospholipids are ____________
a) Amphiphatic
b) Hydrophobic
c) Hydrophilic
Triglycerides are Amphipathic whereas phospholipids are Hydrophilic
A decrease in __________ in a certain tissue stimulates lipoprotein lipase synthesis. Accordingly, more lipoproteins bind to this tissue.
a) Carbohydrate
b) Cholesterol
c) Fatty acids
d) Lipids
e) Protein
A decrease in cholesterol in a certain tissue stimulates lipoprotein lipase synthesis. Accordingly, more lipoproteins bind to this tissue.
_____________ are carriers for cholesterol
Lipoproteins are carriers for cholesterol
Cholesterol can be removed from of the body by the ________.
Cholesterol can be removed from of the body by the liver
According to Framingham study, the higher the _________, the lower the rate of coronary heart disease.
a) Chylomicron
b) IDL
c) HDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL
c) HDL
_______ cholesterol in the cells stimulates the liver to synthesise _______.
a) Excess
b) HDL
c) LDL
d) Low
Excess cholesterol in the cells stimulates the liver to synthesise HDL
______ is a rare genetic condition that elevates the levels of fat in the blood.
LPLD (lipoprotein lipase deficiency) is a rare genetic condition that elevates the levels of fat in the blood.
Apolipoproteins are __________ binding to lipoproteins.
a) Carbohydrates
b) Hormones
c) Proteins
d) Lipids
Apolipoproteins are Proteins binding to lipoproteins
______ distributes cholesterol to the extrahepatic cells. The excess cholesterol returns back to the liver via ______.
a) IDL
b) Chylomicron
c) VLDL
d) LDL
e) HDL
LDL distributes cholesterol to the extrahepatic cells. The excess cholesterol returns back to the liver via HDL.
____ redistributes cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues
LDL redistributes cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues
Due to endothelial dysfunction, cholesterol _____ is oxidized and deposited on the blood vessel wall as part of the repair process.
a) HDL
b) LDL
c) VLDL
d) IDL
e) Chylomicron
Due to endothelial dysfunction, cholesterol LDL is oxidized and deposited on the blood vessel wall as part of the repair process.
Binding of HDL to its receptor ABC1 is mediated by the apoprotein _________
a) Apo A-I
b) Apo A-II
c) APO B 100
d) Apo E
a) Apo A-I
_____________ converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters
Lecithin/Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT) converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters
Insulin is known to _______ LPL in ________ and its placement in the capillary endothelium. By contrast, insulin has been shown to ________ expression of _______ LPL. In muscle and myocardial LPL is instead activated by ________ and adrenaline.
a) Activate
b) Adipocytes
c) Decrease
d) Glycogen
e) Muscle
Insulin is known to acitivate LPL in adipocytes and its placement in the capillary endothelium. By contrast, insulin has been shown to decrease expression of muscle LPL. In muscle and myocardial LPL is instead activated by glucagon and adrenaline.
The two main carriers of cholesterol are:
a) Chylomicrons & IDL
b) HDL & LDL
c) IDL & HDL
d) LDL & VLDL
e) VLDL & IDL
b) HDL & LDL
_______ synthesized by the liver and ______ synthesized from the GIT will be hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase to release free fatty acid, which will be uptake by the muscle and adipose tissue.
a) VLDL
b) IDL
c) Chylomicron
d) LDL
e) HDL
VLDL synthesized by the liver and Chylomicrons synthesized from the GIT will be hydrolysed by lipoprotein lipase to release free fatty acid, which will be uptake by the muscle and adipose tissue.
Insulin is known to ________ LPL secretion in adipocytes.
a) Activate
b) Deactivate
Insulin is known to activate LPL secretion in adipocytes.Activate
The right order of lipoproteins in terms of density from the lowest to the highest is:
a) Chylomicrons – VLDL – IDL – LDL – HDL
b) Chylomicrons – VLDL– LDL – HDL –IDL
c) IDL – VLDL – LDL – HDL – Chylomicrons
d) VLDL – IDL – LDL – HDL – Chylomicrons
a) Chylomicrons – VLDL – IDL – LDL – HDL
Lipoproteins are composed of:
outer shell of _________, a core of fats including __________ and a surface __________ molecule which helps tissues to recognize and take up the particles.
a) Apoprotein
b) Cholesterol
c) Phospholipid
Lipoproteins are composed of:
outer shell of Phospholipid, a core of fats including cholesterol and a surface apoprotein molecule which helps tissues to recognize and take up the particles.
Which tissue/organ can export cholesterol containing lipoprotein particles independent of HDL uptake?
I. Adipose tissue
II. Liver
III. Mammary glands
IV. Skeletal muscle
V. Small intestine
a) I and II
b) I and III
c) II and IV
d) II and V
e) III and IV
d) II and V
- Liver & small intestine
The lipoprotein with the highest amount of lipids per molecule is:
a) Chylomicrons
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL
a) Chylomicrons
One of the functions of _____________ is to mediate binding of lipoproteins to lipoproteins receptors.
a) Apolipoproteins
b) Cholesterol
c) HDL
d) LDL
a) Apolipoproteins
Which of the following is said to cause elevated LDL?
a) Carbohydrates
b) Fats
c) Proteins
d) IDL
e) HDL
a) Carbohydrates
All LDL are ______ cholesterol.
a) Bad
b) Good
c) Good and could be bad
c) Good and could be bad
- depends whether its used (good) or oxidised (bad)
Cholesterol is needed by many tissues and it is only considered harmful if it is deposited on the ___________.
Cholesterol is needed by many tissues and it is only considered harmful if it is deposited on the blood vessel.
___________ serve as a vehicle to transport fats and cholesterol in the plasma
a) Carbohydrates
b) Lipoproteins
c) Phospholipids
d) Triglycerides
b) Lipoproteins
Cholesterol is brought to the liver from the different tissues by ____.
Cholesterol is distributed to tissues by transferring cholesterol to _____ then to ____ then to LDL.
Cholesterol is brought to the liver from the different tissues by HDL. Cholesterol is distributed to tissues by transferring cholesterol to VLDL then to IDL then to LDL.
Glybera is the first gene therapy to be licensed in Europe as a remedy for ___________________.
Glybera is the first gene therapy to be licensed in Europe as a remedy for lipoprotein lipase deficiency.
____________ occupy most of the volume of adipocytes.
triglycerides occupy most of the volume of adipocytes.
__________ is more hydrophilic than _____________
a) Cholesterol
b) Cholesteryl ester
Cholesterol is more hydrophilic than the Cholesteryl ester.
____________ is required for synthesis, secretion and catabolism of lipoproteins.
a) Apolipoprotein
b) Cholesterol
c) HDL
d) LDL
a) Apolipoprotein
Our body needs ____
a) HDL not LDL
b) HDL and LDL
c) LDL not HDL
b) HDL and LDL
Cholesterol is brought to tissues by ____.
Cholesterol is brought to tissues by HDL.
The product of hydrolysis of a chylomicron with lipoprotein is _________
a) HDL
b) LDL
c) VLDL
d) Chylomicron remnant
e) Cholesterol
d) Chylomicron remnant
Lipoprotein lipase is a glycoprotein that is present on the surface of all cells. Its _________ is not good for our health and its __________ protect our body against obesity.
a) Excess
b) Deficiency
Lipoprotein lipase is a glycoprotein that is present on the surface of all cells. Its deficiency is not good for our health and its excess protect our body against obesity.
The smallest lipoproteins in terms of size is:
a) Chylomicron
b) HDL
c) IDL
d) LDL
e) VLDL
b) HDL
