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ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) > wk 3 - Hormones and Receptors > Flashcards

wk 3 - Hormones and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the protein that adds phosphate groups to other proteins?

a) Amylase
b) Phosphatase
c) Kinase
d) Lipase
e) Tyrosine

A

c) Kinase

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2
Q

The following are possible processes that insulin can promote EXCEPT:

a) Glycolysis
b) Gluconeogenesis
c) Glycogenesis
d) Lipogenesis
e) Protein synthesis

A

b) Gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

1?

A

GDP

(guanine diphosphate)

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4
Q

Receptor activation by hormones lead to a second messenger pathway and a ________________ of the hormonal signal.

A

Receptor activation by hormones lead to a second messenger pathway and a cascade / amplification of the hormonal signal.

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5
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary glands to stimulate TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones T3 and T4, which when rise in the blood cause inhibition of the whole process.

a) Humoral stimuli
b) Hormonal stimuli
c) Growth hormone
d) Neural stimuli

A

b) Hormonal stimuli

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6
Q

Insulin facilitates glucose uptake in ——

a) Adipocytes
b) Liver
c) Muscle
d) Pancreas

A

c) Muscle

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7
Q

name the form of insulin:

Chain A + Chain B + Chain C + signal sequence =

A

Chain A + Chain B + Chain C + signal sequence = Preproinsulin

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8
Q

The active α-subunit of the ____ ______ _______ binds and activates adenylate cyclase that leads to increases intracellular levels of cAMP

A

The active α-subunit of the GTP binding protein binds and activates adenylate cyclase that leads to increases intracellular levels of cAMP

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9
Q

an increase in insulin can inhibit the activity of what 3 pathways?

A
  1. gluconeogenesis
  2. lipolysis
  3. glycogenolysis
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10
Q

to turn a phosphatase receptor off, it needs to be _________________

A

to turn a phosphatase receptor off, it needs to be dephosphorylated

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11
Q

When the insulin binds to its receptor, it causes conformational changes in the receptor leading to ___________ of each β-subunit.

A

When the insulin binds to its receptor, it causes conformational changes in the receptor leading to transphosphorylation of each β-subunit.

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12
Q

Preproinsulin is composed of what 3 structures:

A
  1. signal sequence
  2. c-peptide
  3. insulin.
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13
Q

the hormone that circulates through the blood to bind to a receptor is also called the ____ messenger, while the hormone signalled by the receptor complex within the cell is also called the ____ messenger

A

the hormone that circulates through the blood to bind to a receptor is also called the 1st messenger, while the hormone signalled by the receptor complex within the cell is also called the 2nd messenger

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14
Q

3?

A

ATP

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15
Q

What is the second messenger to be phosphorylated in the insulin receptor mechanism of action?

a) cAMP
b) G-protein
c) IRS-1
d) IRS-2
e) IRS-3

A

c) IRS-1

(insulin receptor substrate-1)

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16
Q

What is the role of tyrosine kinase on the insulin receptor?

a) Dephosphorylation of tyrosine
b) Oxidation of tyrosine
c) Phosphorylation of tyrosine
d) Reduction of tyrosine

A

c) Phosphorylation of tyrosine

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17
Q

insulin release causes ______________ inhibition in the liver and kidney

A

insulin release causes gluconeogenesis inhibition in the liver and kidney

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18
Q

Epinephrine (1st messenger) is one of many hormones that is _________ and therefore unable to cross the hydrophobic plasma membranes of its target cells, instead it binds to a ________ located in the plasma membrane and does not enter the cell.

A

Epinephrine (1st messenger) is one of many hormones that is Hydrophlic and therefore unable to cross the hydrophobic plasma membranes of its target cells, instead it binds to a receptor protein located in the plasma membrane and does not enter the cell.

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19
Q

Glucagon inhibits which reaction?

a) Gluconeogenesis
b) Lipolysis
c) Protein lysis
d) Protein synthesis

A

d) Protein synthesis

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20
Q

increased insulin causes ________ activity of:

Gluconeogenic enzymes

  • Glucose-6-phosphatase
  • fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
  • pyruvate carboxylase
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Glycogenolytic

• Glycogen phosphorylase

Lipolytic

• Triglyceride lipase

A

increased insulin causes decreased activity of:

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21
Q

Signal sequence plus c-peptide plus proinsulin is called ——–

a) Proinsulin
b) Glucagon
c) Insulin
d) Preproinsulin

A

d) Preproinsulin

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22
Q

insulin release _________ proteogenesis and ________ proteolysis- especially in muscle

A

insulin release promotes proteogenesis and inhibits proteolysis - especially in muscle

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23
Q

A hormone’s action can be switched off by inactivating the 2nd messenger cAMP (inactivating the 2nd messenger) with another hormone that produces ——-

a) Dephosphorylation
b) Hydrolase
c) Phosphodiesterase
d) Phosphorylation

A

c) Phosphodiesterase

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24
Q

__________ is a Greek name and it means to “stir up or excite”

A

Hormone

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25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are examples of kidney hormones. ## Footnote a) Gastrin and histamine b) Glucagon and Insulin c) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine d) Renin and calcitriol
d) Renin and calcitriol
26
The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates the adrenal medulla to release the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress, which burst the energy required by the body. This is an example of ------- a) Humoral stimuli b) Hormonal stimuli c) Growth hormone d) Neural stimuli
d) Neural stimuli
27
How does insulin clear glucose from the blood? The following are possible processes that insulin can **inhibit** EXCEPT: a) Glycolysis b) Gluconeogenesis c) Glycogenolysis d) Lipolysis
a) Glycolysis
28
insulin release ________ glycogenesis and ________ glycogenolysis - especially in the liver and muscle tissue which have **significant stores**
insulin release **promotes** glycogenesis and **inhibits** glycogenolysis - especially in the liver and muscle tissue which have significant stores
29
Glucagon and insulin are examples of hormones derived from? a) Amino acid derivatives b) Polypeptides c) Steroids d) Biologically potent
b) Polypeptides
30
Insulin promotes which reaction? ## Footnote a) Gluconeogenesis b) Lipolysis c) Protein lysis d) Protein synthesis
d) Protein synthesis
31
name the polypeptide: ## Footnote * Small 29 amino acid (3.5kDa) polypeptide chain * Largely a-helical, flexible molecule * Synthesised by α-cells of Islets of Langerhans * Prepro and pro hormone precursors
glucagon
32
The hormone -------------- is synthesized by the α-cells in the pancreas in response to decreased plasma glucose level. a) Epinephrine b) Glucagon c) Insulin d) TSH e) T3
b) Glucagon
33
an increase in insulin can **promote** the activity of what 4 pathways?
1. glycolysis 2. glycogenesis 3. lipogenesis 4. protein synthesis
34
name the form of insulin: Chain A + Chain B + Chain C =
Chain A + Chain B + Chain C = Proinsulin
35
What is the role of the phosphorylated second messenger (IRS-1) in the insulin’s receptor mechanism of action?
It activates other events in the insulin action cascade.
36
**increased** insulin causes ________ activity of: ## Footnote **Glycolytic enzymes** * Glucokinase * Phosphofructokinase * Pyruvate kinase **Glycogenic** • Glycogen synthase **Lipogenic** * Pyruvate dehydrogenase * Acetyl CoA carboxylase * Fatty acid synthase
increased insulin causes **increased** activity of:
37
The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary glands to stimulate TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which when rise in the blood cause inhibition of the whole process. ## Footnote a) Epinephrine and norepinephrine b) Growth hormones c) T3 and T4 d) TSH and T4
The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary glands to stimulate TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the hormones **T3 and T4**, which when rise in the blood cause inhibition of the whole process.
38
One _________ can initiate a cascade of many reactions at the same time, which saves the cell energy.
One **hormone** can initiate a cascade of many reactions at the same time, which saves the cell energy.
39
insulin release _________ lipogenesis and _________ lipolysis - especially in adipose tissue and the liver
insulin release **promotes** lipogenesis and **inhibits** lipolysis - especially in adipose tissue and the liver
40
2?
GTP | (guanine triphosphate)
41
**Long acting insulin** has a relatively ---------- molecular weight. a) High b) Low c) Medium
a) High
42
The hormone can be turned off by the following EXCEPT: a) Changing the conformation of the receptor, so it won’t recognize the hormone b) Dissociate the hormone-receptor complex c) Inactivate the messenger d) Inactivate the enzyme
d) Inactivate the enzyme
43
Receptors are usually large and complex. They usually have _____ affinity and are present in very ____ concentrations.
Receptors are usually large and complex. They usually have **high affinity** and are present in very **low concentrations.**
44
Hormones can be turned off/inactivated by changing the ___________ of the receptor, so it won’t recognize the hormone and won’t bind to it.
Hormones can be turned off/inactivated by changing the **conformation** of the receptor, so it won’t recognize the hormone and won’t bind to it.
45
to turn a kinase receptor off, it needs to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
to turn a kinase receptor off, it needs to be **phosphorylated**
46
The enzyme ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ __ is in charge of phosphorylation of other enzymes.
The enzyme **protein kinase A** is in charge of phosphorylation of other enzymes.
47
T3 & T4 are examples of hormones derived from? ## Footnote a) Amino acid derivatives b) Polypeptides c) Steroids d) Biologically potent
a) Amino acid derivatives
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are chemical substances synthesised in small amounts by an endocrine tissue. ## Footnote a) Bones b) Enzymes c) Hormones d) Receptors
c) Hormones
49
Glucagon promotes which reaction? ## Footnote a) Gluconeogenesis b) Glycolysis c) Lipid synthesis d) Protein synthesis
a) Gluconeogenesis
50
\_\_\_\_\_\_ mediates all of the downstream metabolic actions of glucagon
**cAMP** mediates all of the downstream metabolic actions of glucagon
51
5?
Hormone
52
Enzyme activities can be carefully coordinated & finely controlled through combinations of _______ and ________ regulation.
Enzyme activities can be carefully coordinated & finely controlled through combinations of **allosteric** and **hormonal** regulation.
53
**Glucagon** acts by first binding to a receptor that promotes the activation of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Glucagon acts by first binding to a receptor that promotes the activation of a **GTP binding protein**
54
Insulin’s receptor is comprised of: ## Footnote a) One alpha and one beta subunit b) Three alpha and three beta subunits c) Two alpha and one beta subunit d) Two alpha and two beta subunits
d) Two alpha and two beta subunits
55
The hormone -------------- is synthesized by the β-cells in the pancreas in response to increased plasma glucose level. a) Epinephrine b) Glucagon c) Insulin d) TSH e) T3
c) Insulin
56
The enzyme that forms glycogen is called ------- a) Glycogen phosphorylase b) Glycogen phosphorylase-P c) Glycogen synthase d) Protein kinase-A e) Glycogen synthase-P
c) Glycogen synthase
57
Insulin’s receptor subunits are stabilized by ----------- bonds. a) Coordinate b) Disulfide c) Hydrogen d) Ionic
b) Disulfide
58
Glycogen phosphorylase-P and glycogen synthase are both in their **active** form. a) True b) False
true
59
to turn a kinase receptor on, it needs to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
to turn a kinase receptor on, it needs to be **dephosphorylated**
60
4?
cAMP | (cyclic adenosine monophospate)
61
All of the following stimulates alpha cell to produce glucagon EXCEPT: a) Certain amino acids b) Insulin c) Low blood glucose d) Somatostatin e) Some GI hormones
d) Somatostatin
62
The hormone -------------- is secreted in response to increased blood glucose level. a) T3 b) Glucagon c) Insulin d) TSH
c) Insulin
63
Activated G-protein with GTP binds to _____________ , which in turn is activated to catalyse the formation of ______ (second messenger) using 1 \_\_\_\_.
Activated G-protein with GTP binds to **Adenylate cyclase**, which in turn is activated to catalyse the formation of **cAMP** **(second messenger)** using 1 **ATP**.
64
\_\_\_\_\_ acting insulin has a relatively high molecular weight, whereas ______ acting insulin has a relatively low molecular weight.
**Long acting insulin** has a relatively high molecular weight, whereas **Fast** **acting insulin** has a relatively low molecular weight.
65
Glucagon acts primarily in _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It has no action in muscle.
Glucagon acts primarily in liver and adipose tissue. It has no action in muscle.
66
Calcium is controlling muscles contraction and relaxation. In case of low calcium in blood (hypocalcaemia), parathyroid glands secrete ----------- to resorb calcium from bones and the kidneys. Once calcium is increased in blood, ----- secretion is inhibited. a) PTH b) T3 c) T4 d) TSH
a) PTH
67
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inhibits both Insulin and glucagon
**Somatostatin** inhibits both Insulin and glucagon
68
Hormones act by binding to _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (the antennae of cells).
Hormones act by binding to **target receptors** (the antennae of cells).
69
the 3 mechanisms for inhibition of metabolic pathways include: 1. __________ the messenger 2. switching on/of the receptor by _____________________ processes - (receptor modulation) 3. ____________ of the number of receptors
the 3 mechanisms for inhibition of metabolic pathways include: 1. inactivating ('shooting') the messenger 2. switching on/of the receptor by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes (receptor modulation) 3. down regulation of the number of receptors
70
state whether glucagon either promotes or inhibits the following metabolic pathways: * _______ Lipolysis (Liver and Adipose) * _______ Glycogenolysis (Liver) * _______ Glycogen Synthesis (Liver) * _______ Gluconeogenesis (Liver) * _______ Glycolysis (Liver)
* **Promotes** Lipolysis (Liver and Adipose) * **Promotes** Glycogenolysis (Liver) * **Inhibits** Glycogen Synthesis (Liver) * **Promotes** Gluconeogenesis (Liver) * **Inhibits** Glycolysis (Liver) * No action in Muscle!
71
to turn a phosphatase receptor on, it needs to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
to turn a phosphatase receptor on, it needs to be **posphorylated**
72
**cAMP** binds to an **inactive protein kinase A** to activate it. Activated protein kinase then activates the enzyme **phosphorylase**, which converts ________ to glucose 6-phosphate, and then to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is finally released into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cAMP binds to an inactive protein kinase A to activate it. Activated protein kinase then activates the enzyme phosphorylase, which converts **glycogen** to glucose 6-phosphate, and then to **glucose**, which is finally released into the **bloodstream**.
73
The actions of ________ and _______ combine to provide a close check and narrow limits for blood glucose levels
The actions of **insulin** and **glucagon** combine to provide a close check and narrow limits for blood glucose levels
74
Calcium is controlling muscle contraction and relaxation. In the case of low blood calcium (----------------), parathyroid glands secrete ----------- to ----------- calcium from bones & the kidneys. Once calcium concentration is increased in blood, -------- secretion is inhibited.
Calcium is controlling muscle contraction and relaxation. In the case of low blood calcium **(Hypocalcaemia)**, parathyroid glands secrete **PTH** to **reabsorb** calcium from bones & the kidneys. Once calcium concentration is increased in blood, **PTH** secretion is inhibited.
75
Insulin inhibits which reaction? ## Footnote a) Gluconeogenesis b) Glycolysis c) Lipid synthesis d) Protein synthesis
a) Gluconeogenesis
76
**Fast acting insulin** has a relatively ---------- molecular weight. a) High b) Low c) Medium
b) Low
77
Insulin facilitates glycogen synthesis in ------ a) Adipocytes b) Liver c) Muscle d) Pancreas
b) Liver
78
All of the following stimulates Beta cell to produce insulin EXCEPT: a) Certain amino acids b) High blood glucose c) Somatostatin d) Glucagon e) Some GI hormones
c) Somatostatin
79
A rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin. Insulin causes blood glucose levels to drop, which signals the pancreas to stop producing insulin. This is an example of -------------- ## Footnote a) Humoral stimuli b) Hormonal stimuli c) Growth hormone d) Neural stimuli
a) Humoral stimuli
80
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has no action in **muscle** as it has no ________ receptor.
**glucagon** has no action in muscle as it has no **glucagon receptor.**
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are examples of pancreatic hormones. a) Gastrin and histamine b) Glucagon and Insulin c) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine d) Renin and calcitriol
b) Glucagon and Insulin
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ between cell signaling allows for many reaction cascades from a single hormone at the same time, making the process energy efficient
**crosstalk** between cell signaling allows for many reaction cascades from a single hormone at the same time, making the process energy efficient
83
The enzyme that cleaves glycogen is called ------- a) Glycogen phosphorylase b) Glycogen phosphorylase-P c) Glycogen synthase d) Protein kinase-A e) Glycogen synthase-P
b) Glycogen phosphorylase-P
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ________ have an **opposite** action in regulation of blood glucose level.
**Insulin and glucagon** have an opposite action in regulation of blood glucose level.
85
name the form of insulin: Chain A + Chain B =
Chain A + Chain B = Mature insulin
86
Insulin facilitates glycerol synthesis in ------ a) Adipocytes b) Liver c) Muscle d) Pancreas
a) Adipocytes
87
One hormone will signal a cascade of reactions at the same time, which saves the cell \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
One hormone will signal a cascade of reactions at the same time, which saves the cell **energy**
88
In the liver cell, once the first messenger/hormone binds to the receptor protein, a _________ on the inner side of the cell membrane bound to the receptor is activated. Once this protein's GDP is replaced with \_\_\_\_, the sub unit is activated.
In the liver cell, once the first messenger/hormone binds to the receptor protein, a **G protein (3 subunits)** on the inner side of the cell membrane bound to the receptor is activated. Once this protein's GDP is replaced with **GTP**, the sub unit is activated.
89
What is the right order to produce insulin in pancreatic cell? a) Mature insulin then preproinsulin then proinsulin b) Preproinsulin then mature insulin then proinsulin c) Preproinsulin then proinsulin then mature insulin d) Proinsulin then preproinsulin then mature insulin
c) Preproinsulin then proinsulin then mature insulin
90
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are usually large, complex proteins, present in low abundance relative to the hormone, and bind the hormone with high affinity.
**Receptors** are usually large, complex proteins, present in low abundance relative to the hormone, and bind the hormone with high affinity.
91
Glucose uptake is promoted in most tissues EXCEPT: a) Adipose tissues b) Kidney c) Liver d) Muscles
c) Liver
92
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are examples of thyroid hormones. ## Footnote a) Gastrin and histamine b) Glucagon and Insulin c) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine d) Renin and calcitriol
c) Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
93
hormones that **oppose** insulin's glucose uptake action includes what 4 counter regulatory hormones?
1. glucagon 2. adrenalin/epinephrine 3. glucocorticoids (cortisol) 4. growth hormone

ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) (12 decks)

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