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ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) > wk 1 - Review of Basic Biochemistry > Flashcards

wk 1 - Review of Basic Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

In the ETC/oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is generated as H+ moves down its concentration gradient through a special enzyme called ____ _______.

A

In the ETC/oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is generated as H+ moves down its concentration gradient through a special enzyme called ATP synthase

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2
Q

2) The general formula for most carbohydrates is ———-

A

2) The general formula for most carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)n

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3
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate if you are doing exercise (anaerobic)?

a) In the cytosol, NADH will be produced, which will be used to produce ATP (energy) plus acetyl-CoA
b) In the cytosol, NAD will be produced, which will be used to produce ATP (energy) plus lactate
c) In the cytosol, NADH will be produced, which will be used to produce ADP plus lactate
d) In the cytosol, NAD will be produced, which will be used to produce ATP (energy) plus acetyl-CoA

A

b) In the cytosol, NAD will be produced, which will be used to produce ATP (energy) plus lactate

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4
Q

Which of the following amino acids is aromatic ———–

a) Alanine
b) Lysine
c) Cysteine
d) Methionine
e) Tyrosine

A

tyrosine (Y)

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5
Q

ATP yielded from the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP were much greater than that of glycolysis alone.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

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6
Q

28) __________ Is the process for production of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate; from breakdown of proteins such as glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides and glycerol).

A

28) Gluconeogenesis Is the process for production of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate; from breakdown of proteins such as glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides and glycerol).

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7
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate in an aerobic state?

A

Pyruvate will enter the mitochondria via pyruvate translocase, to be oxidised by PDH complex and produce Acetyl CoA.

Acetyl CoA is then bonded with oxaloacetate via citrate synthase to produce the krebs cycle intermediate molecule - citrate.

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8
Q

What is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen?

a) Glycolysis
b) Glycogenolysis
c) Glycogenesis
d) Gluconeogenesis

A

b) Glycogenolysis

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9
Q

An increased _____ or _____ ____ will decrease Pyruvate Dehydrogenase activity

A

An increased NADH or Acetyl CoA will decrease Pyruvate Dehydrogenase activity

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10
Q

17) A compound composed of a sugar and nitrogeneous base is termed ———–

A

17) A compound composed of a sugar and nitrogeneous base is termed a nucleoside

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11
Q

In respiration, glucose is oxidized in living cells to produce CO2, H2O, and ——–

a) Carbohydrates
b) Energy
c) Glycogen
d) Oxygen
e) Starch

A

a) Energy

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12
Q

How does DNA and RNA differ?

a) DNA has ribose, whereas RNA has deoxyribose
b) DNA has deoxyribose, whereas RNA has ribose
c) DNA has di-hydroxyribose, whereas RNA has ribose
d) DNA has ribose, whereas RNA has di-hydroxyribose

A

b) DNA has deoxyribose, whereas RNA has ribose

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13
Q

Pancreatitis elevates serum levels of the following enzymes:

a) Amylase and lactate dehydrogenase
b) Amylase and lipase
c) Lipase and Creatine kinase
d) Lipase and lactate dehydrogenase

A

b) Amylase and lipase

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14
Q

Formation of ATP from ADP in the mitochondria using electron transport chain is called ——-

a) Cori cycle
b) Krebs cycle
c) Oxidative phosphorylation
d) Reductive phosphorylation

A

c) Oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

RNA has the following nitrogenous bases

a) Adenine –Uracil - Thymine - Tyrosine
b) Cytosine - Guanine – Thymine - Uracil
c) Guanine – Cytosine - Adenine – Uracil
d) Uracil – Adenine – Cytosine - Tyrosine

A

c) Guanine – Cytosine - Adenine – Uracil

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16
Q

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase multienzyme complex will “assimilate” Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA by “ripping off” Pyruvate’s ____ “head” and attaching ________ to it’s “neck.”

A

The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase multienzyme complex will “assimilate” Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA by “ripping off” Pyruvate’s CO2 “head” and attaching Coenzyme A to it’s “neck.”

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria via the transport protein pyruvate translocase (symporter). Then it will reduce NAD+ to NADH, releases CO2 and in presence of pyruvate dehydrogenase (DH) and Coenzyme A, it will form Acetyl CoA, which moves to the Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle).

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17
Q

In Krebs cycle, the regulation is mediated via inhibition of ——— when citrate is high in concentration.

a) Phosphoglucokinase
b) Phospholactokinase
c) Phosphofructokinase
d) Citrate oxidase
e) Citrate hydroxylase

A

c) Phosphofructokinase

In Krebs Cycle, if we don’t need more citric acid production (which started from glycolysis), then citrate as a byproduct will act as an allosteric inhibitor to inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase from the glycolysis of glucose.

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18
Q

How can assay of plasma enzymes aids diagnosis and prognosis?

a) Because many diseases that cause tissue damage result in a decreased release of extracellular enzymes into the plasma.
b) Because many diseases that cause tissue damage result in an increased release of intracellular enzymes into the plasma.
c) Because many diseases that cause tissue damage result in an increased release of extracellular enzymes into the plasma.
d) Because many diseases that cause tissue damage result in an increased release of intracellular enzymes into urine.

A

b) Because many diseases that cause tissue damage result in an increased release of intracellular enzymes into the plasma.

The activities of many of these enzymes are routinely determined for diagnostic purposes in diseases of the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and other tissues. The level of specific enzyme activity in the plasma frequently correlates with the extent of tissue damage. Thus, determining the degree of elevation of a particular enzyme activity in the plasma is often useful in evaluating the prognosis for the patient.

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19
Q

21) The sum of all chemical reactions within the cell is termed ——-

A

metabolism

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20
Q

The storage form of energy in humans is

a) Carbohydrates
b) Glucose
c) Glycogen
d) Starch

A

c) Glycogen

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21
Q

The only difference in nitrogenous bases between RNA and DNA are ——–, respectively.

a) Guanine and Cytosine
b) Uracil and Guanine
c) Uracil and Thymine
d) Tyrosine and Thymine

A

c) Uracil and Thymine

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22
Q

The general formula for most carbohydrates is

a) Cn+1(H2O)n
b) Cn(H2O)n
c) C2n(H2O)n
d) Cn(H2O)n+1

A

b) Cn(H2O)n

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23
Q

Is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.

a) Glycolysis
b) Glycogenolysis
c) Glycogenesis
d) Gluconeogenesis

A

d) Gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

How many ATP are produced via electron transport phosphorylation chain (ETC)?

a) 8
b) 16
c) 32
d) 64

A

c) 32

The goal is to pump H+ from the mitochondria to the intermembrane space. During this process, 32 ATPs will be produced via oxidative phosphorylation / ATP synthase.

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25
Predict the sequence of bases that is complementary to this strand: **-A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-G-C-** a) -C-C-A-G-G-T-T-A-C-A- b) -C-T-G-A-A-C-C-G-T-A- c) -T-C-A-G-G-T-T-A-C-G- d) -T-C-A-G-C-T-C-A-C-G-
c) -T-C-A-G-G-T-T-A-C-G-
26
18) A compound composed of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogeneous base is termed a **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**
18) A compound composed of a sugar, phosphate and nitrogeneous base is termed a **nucleotide**
27
3) The storage form of energy in humans is ------------
3) The storage form of energy in humans is **Glycogen**
28
A body’s ----------- is the reverse of photosynthesis. a) Carbohydrates b) Energy c) Glycogen d) Metabolism
d) Metabolism
29
25) ___________ Is the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.
Glycogenesis
30
In the **TCA cycle**, one molecule of glucose produces two molecules of pyruvate, which produces ---- molecule(s) of ATP . a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
In the TCA cycle, one molecule of glucose produces two molecules of pyruvate, which produces **1 molecule** of ATP .
31
ATP, NAD+, NADP+ and FAD are classified as -------- ## Footnote a) Carbohydrates b) Nucleosides c) Nucleotides d) Polysaccharides
c) Nucleotides
32
Fatty acids are important sources of fuel because they yield large quantities of ----- a) ADP b) ATP c) CO2 d) H2 e) NAD
a) ATP
33
name the pathway: converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
Glycolysis (glucose lysis - ↓glucose)
34
Regulation of the krebs cycle is mediated via ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by products on enzymes used previously in the cycle.
Regulation of the krebs cycle is mediated via **allosteric inhibiton** by products on enzymes used previously in the cycle.
35
name the pathway: Glycogen branches are catabolized by the sequential removal of glucose monomers via phosphorolysis, by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase.
**Glycogenolysis** (glycogen lysis - ↑glucose) Is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen (n-1).
36
-------------- is used by the cell as an electron carrier to mediate numerous reactions. ## Footnote a) ATP b) ADP c) NAD
c) NAD
37
A peptide bond is formed between amino acids by -------process. a) Oxidation b) Reduction c) Condensation d) Amination
c) Condensation
38
The role of ------ is: 1. Traps glucose within the cell 2. Produces energy in the form of NADH and ATP with minimal energy input 3. Produces products that are used in other metabolic pathways within the cell a) Glycolysis b) Glycogenolysis c) Glycogenesis d) Gluconeogenesis
a) Glycolysis
39
What is: ## Footnote the process activated during rest periods following the Cori cycle, in the liver, and also activated by insulin in response to high glucose levels, for example after a carbohydrate-containing sweetie.
**Glycogenesis (glycogen synthesis - ↓glucose)** the process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage.
40
12) DNA has the following nitrogenous bases: ---------, -------, ---------, ----------
1. Guanine 2. Cytosine 3. Adenine 4. Thymine
41
-------------- is the sum of all chemical reactions within the cell. a) Anabolism b) Catabolism c) Inhibition d) Metabolism
d) Metabolism
42
22) What is the net product of glycolysis in terms of NADH and ATP?
2 NADH, 2 ATP | (1 of each per pyruvate molecule)
43
name the pathway: the process for production of glucose from **non-carbohydrate precursors** such as lactate, pyruvate; from breakdown of proteins such as glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides and glycerol)
Gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis - ↑glucose)
44
Myocardial infarction elevates serum levels of the following enzymes: ## Footnote a) Albumin and lactate dehydrogenase b) Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase c) Lipase and Creatine kinase d) Lipase and lactate dehydrogenase
b) Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase
45
24) Formation of ATP from ADP in the mitochondria using electron transport chain is called ------- ----------------
24) Formation of ATP from ADP in the mitochondria using electron transport chain is called **Oxidative phosphorylation**
46
Glycolysis is the lysis of glucose, whereas ------is the lysis of glycogen. ## Footnote a) Glycolysis b) Glycogenolysis c) Glycogenesis d) Gluconeogenesis
b) Glycogenolysis
47
1) A large chain of monomers is called --------
1) A large chain of monomers is called a **polymer**
48
α-Helices & β-Sheets are what type of protein structure? ## Footnote a) Primary b) Secondary c) Tertiary d) Quaternary
b) Secondary
49
DNA has the following nitrogenous bases ## Footnote a) Guanine – Thymine– Cytosine - Uracil b) Guanine – Cytosine - Adenine – Thymine c) Uracil – Adenine – Thymine - Tyrosine d) Uracil – Adenine – Cytosine - Tyrosine
b) Guanine – Cytosine - Adenine – Thymine
50
13) RNA has the following nitrogenous bases: ---------, -------, ---------, ----------
1. Guanine 2. Cytosine 3. Adenine 4. Uracil
51
What are the aromatic amino acids?
F,Y,W 1. phenylalanine (F) 2. tyrosine (Y) 3. tryptophan (W)
52
Why does your body ache during exercise? ## Footnote a) Due to production of acetate b) Due to production of CO2 c) Due to production of lactate d) Due to production of pyruvate
c) Due to production of lactate ## Footnote Remark: In case of anaerobic condition and the body is still in need of energy (e.g. during doing exercise), the body will produce NAD, which will be used to produce ATP (energy) plus lactate, which gives you pain in the body.
53
Most of the energy in ATP are stored in the bond between the ---------------- ## Footnote a) First and second phosphates b) First and third phosphates c) Second and third phosphates
c) Second and third phosphates
54
Fat, oil and cholesterol are examples of ---- a) Disaccharides b) Polysaccharides c) Proteins d) Lipids e) Nucleic acids
d) Lipids
55
A large chain of monomers is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
polymer
56
Both DNA and RNA have the same following nitrogenous bases ## Footnote a) Guanine – Thymine– Cytosine b) Guanine – Adenine – Cytosine c) Uracil – Adenine – Thymine d) Uracil – Adenine – Cytosine
b) Guanine – Adenine – Cytosine
57
All amino acids have alpha amino groups except ----------- a) Alanine b) Lysine c) Methionine d) Proline
d) Proline
58
What is the net product of glycolysis in terms of NADH and ATP? a) +1 ATP & + 1 NADH b) +1 ATP & + 2 NADH c) +2 ATP & + 2 NADH d) +2 ATP & + 1 NADH
c) +2 ATP & + 2 NADH
59
27) _________ Is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
27) Glycolysis Is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
60
We get \_\_-NADH from TCA along with the one we got from the Pyruvate DH reaction and then an FADH2 (a lot like NADH, but less reducing power) and an ATP and this is just from ONE Pyruvate molecule (remember: 2 Pyruvates per Glucose molecule).
we get **3-NADH** from TCA along with the one we got from the Pyruvate DH reaction and then an FADH2 (a lot like NADH, but less reducing power) and an ATP and this is just from ONE Pyruvate molecule (remember: 2 Pyruvates per Glucose molecule).
61
In Krebs cycle, the regulation is mediated via **allosteric inhibition** by products on enzymes used previously in the cycle. For example, ------ will cause a decreased activity of ------ via inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) a) A decrease in citrate b) An increase in citrate c) Citrate synthase d) Citrate oxidase e) Citrate hydroxylase
**An increase in citrate** will cause a decreased activity of **Citrate synthase** via inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) In the Krebs Cycle, if we don’t need more citric acid production (which started from glycolysis), then citrate as a byproduct will act as an allosteric inhibitor to inhibit the enzyme **phosphofructokinase** from the glycolysis of glucose.
62
Plasma glucose increases in case of ------ and it decreases in case of ------. a) Glycogenolysis b) Gluconeogenesis
Plasma glucose increases in case of **Gluconeogenesis** and it decreases in case of **Glycogenolysis**
63
Breakdown of the **\_\_\_ Phosphate** of ATP releases tremendous energy (7.3 Kcal/mol ATP)
Breakdown of **3rd Phosphate** releases tremendous energy (7.3 Kcal/mol ATP)
64
Plasma glucose increases in case of ------and it decreases in case of ------. ## Footnote a) Glycogenolysis b) Glycogenesis
Plasma glucose increases in case of **Glycogenlolysis** and it decreases in case of **Glycogenesis**
65
The following triglyceride has the nomenclature of ----- ## Footnote a) Oleo, Palmito, Stearin b) Palmito, Oleo, Stearin c) Stearo, Stearo, Palmitin d) Stearo, Palmito, Olein
a) Palmito, Oleo, Stearin
66
Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces ---- molecules of pyruvate. One molecule of pyruvate produces ------------. a) 1; 1 ATP b) 2; 1 ATP c) 2; 2 ATP d) 3; 3 ATP
Glycolysis of one molecule of glucose produces **2** molecules of pyruvate. One molecule of pyruvate produces **1 ATP** ## Footnote **c) 2; 1 ATP**
67
What are the stores of genetic codes? ## Footnote a) ATP b) Glycogen c) Lipids d) Nucleic acids e) Polysaccharides
d) Nucleic acids
68
Plasma glucose increases in case of -----and it decreases in case of -------. a) Glycolysis b) Gluconeogenesis
Plasma glucose increases in case of **Gluconeogenesis** and it decreases in case of **Glycolysis**
69
The bond formed between two amino acids due to condensation is called ----------- a) Glycosidic bond b) Hydrogen bonds c) Ionic bond d) Peptide bond
d) Peptide bond
70
26) _________ Is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6 phosphate and glycogen (n-1)
26) **glycogenolysis** Is the breakdown of glycogen (n) to glucose-6 phosphate and glycogen (n-1)
71
Glycogen is an example of ------------ formed of many glucose units. a) Disaccharides b) Polysaccharides c) Proteins d) Lipids e) Nucleic acids
b) Polysaccharides

ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) (12 decks)

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