wk 6 - Renal Function Flashcards
1
Q
Creatinine is not a good test for GFR because it is highly affected by _____________.
A
Creatinine is not a good test for GFR because it is highly affected by hydration status.
2
Q
accumulation of urea and ammonia in the blood system can cause a _______.
A
accumulation of urea and ammonia in the blood system can cause a coma.
3
Q
Low GFR, means a _____ amount of urine volume and a______ amount of waste products.
A
Low GFR, means a low amount of urine volume and high amount of waste products.
4
Q
The increase in blood volume in the body is termed ———-
a) Hyperglycemia
b) Hypervolemia
c) Hypovolemia
d) Hypoglycemia
A
b) Hypervolemia
5
Q
The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) doesn’t take into account the __________
A
The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) doesn’t take into account the urine sample.
6
Q
Glomerular Filtration rate (GFR) depends on the difference between two forces: ______ pressure in the glomerular capillaries and ________ pressure in the lumen of glomerular capsule.
A
Glomerular Filtration rate (GFR) depends on the difference between two forces: blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries and hydrostatic pressure in the lumen of glomerular capsule.
7
Q
If there is a problem with the GFR, then we expect:
____ urine volume and accumulation of _____________.
A
If there is a problem with the GFR, then we expect:
low urine volume and accumulation of waste products.
8
Q
The kidney filtrates ___ L/day of plasma and reabsorb more than _____ % of the amount filtered.
A
The kidney filtrates 180 L/day of plasma and reabsorb more than >99% of the amount filtered.
9
Q
BUN test is a measure of the amount of __________ in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function.
a) Ammonia
b) Albumin
c) Oxygen
d) Nitrogen
e) Urine
A
d) Nitrogen
10
Q
In healthy person, the kidney tubules reabsorb completely or most of all of the following EXCEPT
a) Creatinine
b) Glucose
c) Sodium
d) Water
A
a) Creatinine
11
Q
Plasma urea _________ when GFR is low
A
Plasma urea increases when GFR is low
12
Q
name the metabolite that correlates to the diagram:
A
glucose
(unless diabetus)
13
Q
A decrease in the intravascular volume is probably due to
a) Pre-renal
b) Renal
c) Post-renal
A
Pre-renal
14
Q
In the nephron, many molecules are reabsorbed from kidney tubules into the capillary (blood) by what three methods?
A
- osmosis
- facilitated diffusion
- active transport
15
Q
the 2 inward forces at the glomerulus are?
a) capsular hydrostatic pressure (18mm)
b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60mm)
c) plasma colloid osmotic pressure (32mm)
A
- plasma colloid osmotic pressure
- capsular hydrostatic pressure
(net outward pressure of 10mm)
16
Q
Renal threshold does not exist for ______ as it is always transported passively through diffusion down a concentration gradient.
A
Renal threshold does not exist for water as it is always transported passively through diffusion down a concentration gradient.
17
Q
[BUN] : [creatinine] ratio is the same and both are high in concentration, then it is a ——– (they don’t get excreted in urine).
a) Pre-renal problem
b) Renal disorder
A
b) Renal disorder
18
Q
The _____________________ could be calculated using the Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, which took into consideration the sex and ethnicity and not the body weight.
A
The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) could be calculated using the Modified Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, which took into consideration the sex and ethnicity and not the body weight.
19
Q
Hematuria is when you have ______ in urine.
A
Hematuria is when you have blood in urine.
20
Q
Which of the following could be an indication of pre-renal uremia:
a) BUN:Cr > 20
b) BUN:Cr < 15
c) BUN:Cr > 15
A
a) BUN:Cr > 20
21
Q
______ blood flow to the kidney can cause uremia, which leads to _______ urine in blood.
A
low blood flow to the kidney can cause uremia, which leads to increased urine in blood.
22
Q
state the type of renal failure:
- Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection or reduced blood supply
A
intrarenal - tubular necrosis
23
Q
The osmolarity of ______ is higher than that of _______.
A
The osmolarity of urine is higher than that of plasma.
24
Q
In the kidney, the _________ is in charge of filtering the blood, whereas, the __________ are in charge of reabsorption and secretion.
A
In the kidney, the glomerulus is in charge of filtering the blood, whereas, the proximal tubules are in charge of reabsorption and secretion.
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ use the industry-preferred freezing point method to determine the osmolality of an aqueous-based solution
**Osmometers** use the industry-preferred freezing point method to determine the osmolality of an aqueous-based solution
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of ______ function.
**BUN** is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of **renal function.**
27
The golden marker for GFR is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, as it is completely filtered by the glomerulus and being ______ excreted in urine.
The golden marker for GFR is **inulin**, as it is completely filtered by the glomerulus and being **100%** excreted in urine.
28
In a healthy person, do you expect to see **glucose** in blood?
a) Yes
b) No
a) Yes
29
The _______ produces the active form of Vit D.
The **kidney** produces the active form of Vit D.
30
urine volume \<400ml over 24 hours is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
urine volume \<400ml over 24 hours is called **Oliguria**
31
Plasma creatinine _________ due to low GFR.
Plasma creatinine **increases** due to low GFR.
32
The actual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or creatinine clearance test main difficulty is the large errors in the collection of:
a) Volume of creatinine
b) Volume of urea
c) Volume of urine
d) Volume of plasma
c) Volume of urine
33
the protein responsible for a plasma colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus is?
albumin
- prevents water from leaving the blood
34
If filtration in the kidney is deficient, ________ blood levels rise. Therefore, ________ levels in blood and urine may be used to calculate the _________ clearance, which correlates with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
If the filtration in the kidney is deficient, **creatinine** blood levels rise. Therefore, **creatinine** levels in blood and urine may be used to calculate the **creatinine clearance (CrCl)**, which correlates with the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
35
The kidney helps the body to get rid of _________ (in the muscle), ________ (by-product of nucleotide metabolism) and _____ (end product of ammonia from Amino acids which is toxic) in **urine.**
The kidney helps the body to get rid of **creatinine** (in the muscle), **uric acid** (by-product of nucleotide metabolism) and **urea** (end product of ammonia from Amino Acids which is toxic) in urine.
36
Actual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is also called _________________ and it is based on collection of urine in 24 hrs.
Actual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is also called **creatinine clearance test** and it is based on collection of urine in 24 hrs.
37
Abnormally low urine volume \< 100 mL / 24 hour is called:
a) Anuria
b) Oliguria
c) Polyuria
d) Urea
a) Anuria
38
Amount of reabsorbed urea from the tubular lumen after passage through the glomerulus _________ during dehydration.
Amount of reabsorbed urea from the tubular lumen after passage through the glomerulus **increases** during dehydration.
39
name the metabolite that correlates to the diagram:
creatinine
40
There are reabsorbed substances and non reabsorbed substances known as __________ such as inulin, which go directly to the urine.
There are reabsorbed substances and non reabsorbed substances known as **tubular fluid** such as inulin, which go directly to the urine.
41
What is the responsible hormone for concentrating urine and increasing osmolality / osmolarity?
a) Anti-diuretic hormone
b) Epinephrine
c) Glucagon
d) Insulin
a) Anti-diuretic hormone
42
Renal threshold is the plasma concentration above which the substance appears in the urine. Glucose can be seen in urine if its concentration is above ____ mmol/L:
11 mmol/L
43
Low blood flow to the kidney can cause uremia, which leads to increased _____ in the blood.
Low blood flow to the kidney can cause uremia, which leads to increased **urine/urea** in the blood.
44
Fractional excretion of _________ helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to reduced blood flow (hypovolemia) to the kidney (pre-renal) or to kidney damage itself (renal).
Fractional excretion of **sodium** helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to reduced blood flow (hypovolemia) to the kidney (pre-renal) or to kidney damage itself (renal).
45
The typical pH of the blood is 7.35-7.45, whereas that of urine is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
The typical pH of the blood is **7.35-7.45**, whereas that of urine is **6.**
46
tubular reabsorption within the proximal convoluted tubule allows for the reabsorption of what 4 main molecules?
1. **water** (H2O) to pass from the glomerular filtrate back into the circulatory system.
2. **Glucose** - 100% of it (except in diabetes) and **various**
3. **NaCl** - The sodium chloride that is reabsorbed into the system increases the blood concentration. ↑Na+ →↑Osmolarity (Osmol/L)
4. also various **Amino Acids** are also reabsorbed into the circulatory system.
47
In the nephron, substances are actively filtered from blood by the __________ and added to tubular fluid (active transport). Some substances such as K+ and HCO3- are reabsorbed and secreted in the \_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas creatinine, and some drugs are moved by active transport from the blood into the ___________ to urine.
In the nephron, substances are actively filtered from blood by the **glomerulus** and added to tubular fluid (active transport). Some substances such as K+ and HCO3- are reabsorbed and secreted in the **proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)** whereas creatinine, and some drugs are moved by active transport from the blood into the **distal convoluted tubule (DCT)** to urine.
48
People with severe malnutrition and extremes of body size and age must do an -----
a) Actual GFR test
b) eGFR test using Cockcroft-Gault equation
c) eGFR test using Modified Diet in Renal Disease equation
a) Actual GFR test
49
Abnormally low urine volume \< 400 mL / 24 hour is called:
a) Anuria
b) Oliguria
c) Polyuria
d) Urea
b) Oliguria
50
What is the eGFR of a 40 years old male, 80 kg and having a serum creatinine value of 100 µmol/L?
a) 83.43 mL/min
b) 98.16 mL/min
c) 196.3 mL/min
d) 80 mL/min
b) 98.16 mL/min
51
Fractional excretion of sodium is the amount of sodium which is filtered by the glomerulus but escapes tubular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fractional excretion of sodium is the amount of sodium which is filtered by the glomerulus but escapes **tubular reabsorption.**
52
What is the reference range for creatinine clearance?
a) 60 – 80 µmol/L
b) 60 – 120 µmol/L
c) 80 – 120 µmol/L
d) 80 – 140 µmol/L
c) 80 – 120 µmol/L
53
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure (\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure), is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably _______ that prevents water from leaving the blood.
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure **(oncotic pressure),** is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably **albumin** that prevents water from leaving the blood.
54
**Liver** is an organ of the ______ system while **kidneys** are the organs of the ______ system.
Liver is an organ of the **digestive** system while kidneys are the organs of the **urinary** system.
55
Plasma or serum creatinine is influenced by what 3 things?
1. muscle mass
2. age
3. ethnicity
56
In a healthy person, do you expect to see **creatinine** in urine?
a) Yes
b) No
yes
57
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a by-product of protein (amino acids) in the muscles (Cahill Cycle).
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle.
**Urea** is a by-product of protein (amino acids) in the muscles (Cahill Cycle).
**Creatinine** is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle.
58
what percentage of **urea** is reabsorbed by the kidney?
~50%
59
What is the reference range for GFR?
a) 60 – 80 mL/min
b) 80 – 120 mL/min
c) 80 – 140 mL/min
d) 60 – 120 mL/min
c) 80 – 140 mL/min
60
**Plasma/serum urea and creatinine** remain the front line tests in assessment of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Plasma/serum urea and creatinine remain the front line tests in assessment of **glomerular filtration rate.**
61
The glomerular capillary membrane could filter the following EXCEPT
a) Blood cells
b) Creatinine
c) Glucose
d) Urea
e) Water
a) Blood cells
62
In a healthy person, do you expect to see **glucose** in urine?
a) Yes
b) No
no - diabeetus
63
The _________________ could be calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, which took into consideration the **body weight, sex and age.**
The **estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)** could be calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, which took into consideration the body weight, sex and age.
64
**Urea** is not a good test for GFR because it is highly affected by ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Urea is not a good test for GFR because it is highly affected by **hydration status** and **protein intake/metabolism.**
65
In case of pre-renal **uremia (increased [urea] in the blood)** due to **hypovolemia** **(decreased blood flow)**, the kidney is functioning correctly, the response to decreased GFR is to increase \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
In case of pre-renal uremia due to hypovolemia, the kidney is functioning correctly, the response to decreased GFR is to increase **reabsorption rates.**
66
The filtration process is taking place in the
a) Glomerulus
b) Heart
c) Proximal tubules
d) Spleen
a) Glomerulus
67
People with severe disease in skeletal muscle must do an -----
a) Actual GFR test
b) eGFR test using Cockcroft-Gault equation
c) eGFR test using Modified Diet in Renal Disease equation
a) Actual GFR test
68
Most of the blood acids are coming from:
a) HCl
b) H2SO4
c) CO2
d) PO43-
e) SO32-
c) CO2
69
\_\_\_\_\_\_ osmolarity is higher than _______ osmolarity in normal patient.
**Urine** osmolarity is higher than **plasma** osmolarity in normal patient.
## Footnote
Normal range:
**Urine:** 300-900 mOsm/L,
**plasma:** 285 (+-10) mOsmol/L
70
if a BUN test shows a high amount of urea compared to creatinine, then it is likely due to _________ damage
if a BUN test shows a high amount of urea compared to creatinine, then it is likely due to **prerenal damage (systemic problem - drop in blood volume)**
71
**Acute tubular necrosis** is likely to be due to which type of renal failure?
a) Pre-renal
b) Renal (intrarenal)
c) Post-renal
b) Renal (intrarenal)
72
The plasma concentration above which the substance appears in the urine is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The plasma concentration above which the substance appears in the urine is known as **renal threshold.**
73
Kidney synthesises hormones such as:
1. ______ (balance blood pressure)
2. ___________ (hormone that stimulates production of RBCs)
3. active _________ production
Kidney synthesises hormones such as:
1. **Renin** (balance blood pressure)
2. **Erythropoetin - EPO** (hormone that stimulates production of RBCs)
3. **active vitamin D** production
74
the kidneys combat **prerenal uremia** by increaing the reabsorption of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which leads to increased water and urea reabsorption from the proximal tubules of the kidney back into the blood.
the kidneys combat prerenal uremia by increaing the reabsorption of **Na,** which leads to increased water and urea reabsorption from the proximal tubules of the kidney back into the blood.
75
People with chronic kidney disease are recommended to do eGFR test using which equation?
a) Cockcroft-Gault
b) Modified Diet in Renal Disease
b) Modified Diet in Renal Disease
76
The principal of GFR is that some substances when filtered by the kidney enter the tubules, are not ________ and thus been ________ so their GFR = \_\_\_\_\_%
The principal of GFR is that some substances when filtered by the kidney enter the tubules, are not **reabsorbed** and thus been **excreted** so their **GFR = 100%**
77
Measurement of the ________________________ provides information on the integrity of **Tubular reabsorption function.**
Measurement of the **urine sodium concentration (FENa)** provides information on the integrity of Tubular reabsorption function.
78
state the type of renal failure:
- Sudden & servere drop in blood pressure (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from servere injury or illness
**Prerenal -** drop in blood volume
79
Urine excreted daily in adults as much as ____ L
Urine excreted daily in adults as much as **1.5 L**
80
Increase of **sodium** in plasma leads to increase in plasma \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Increase of sodium in plasma leads to increase in plasma **osmolarity.**
81
name the metabolite that correlates to the diagram
urea
82
Most of our food intake is \_\_\_\_\_\_, thus kidney regulates the pH of the blood to the normal range \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Most of our food intake is **acidic**, thus kidney regulates the pH of the blood to the normal range **7.35 – 7.45**
83
If the urine is not concentrated, there must be a problem with _________ or/and _______ functions
If the urine is not concentrated, there must be a problem with **ADH** or/and **kidney functions**
84
The reabsorption process is taking place in the
a) Glomerulus
b) Heart
c) Proximal tubules
d) Spleen
c) Proximal tubules
85
The gold standard for GFR is _______ because it should be completely cleared/filtered by the kidney in urine.
The gold standard for GFR is **inulin** because it should be completely cleared/filtered by the kidney in urine.
86
**Dehydration, or a diet high in protein** can make your BUN level \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Dehydration, or a diet high in protein can make your BUN level **higher.**
87
Renal functions test include all the followings EXCEPT
## Footnote
a) Production of bilirubin
b) Excretion of metabolic waste and by-products
c) Endocrine function
d) Regulation of plasma electrolytes, fluid/water balance, blood pressure
a) Production of bilirubin
88
Fractional excretion of sodium helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to pre-renal damage from reduced blood flow (hypovolemia), where FENa is ___________ than 1% and urine osmolality is ________ than plasma or due to kidney damage itself (renal) where urine osmolality is _________ to plasma and FENa is _________ than 1%
Fractional excretion of sodium helps determine if the drop in urine production is due to pre-renal damage from reduced blood flow (hypovolemia), where FENa is **less** **than 1%** and urine osmolality is **higher than plasma** or due to kidney damage itself (renal) where urine osmolality is **similar to plasma** and FENa is **greater than 1%**
89
Principle of clearance in kidneys:
Some substances when filtered in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, get directly \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Principle of clearance in kidneys:
Some substances when filtered in the **glomerulus,** get directly **excreted**
90
state the type of renal failure:
- Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to an enlarged prostate, kidney stones, bladder tumour or injury
**Postrenal -** stone/enlarged prostate
91
during tubular secretion, substances are actively removed from the blood and added to tubular fluid via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
i.e. H+, creatinine, and some drugs are moved by ___________ from the blood into the _______ convoluted tubule to urine
during tubular secretion, substances are actively removed from the blood and added to tubular fluid via **active transport**
i.e. H+, creatinine, and some drugs are moved by **active transport** from the blood into the **distal convoluted tubule** to urine
92
Fractional excretion of sodium is about the relation between sodium in _______ and sodium in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Fractional excretion of sodium is about the relation between sodium in **urine** and sodium in **plasma**
93
Which of the following solutions freezes faster (at higher temperature)?
a) 5% w/v salt solution
b) 10% w/v salt solution
c) 15% w/v salt solution
d) 25% w/v salt solution
a) 5% w/v salt solution
94
**Desmopressin** is a drug that is used as an
a) ADH analogue
b) Anticoagulant
c) Antidepressant
d) Diuretic hormone analogue
a) ADH analogue
95
Ureteral obstruction is likely to cause what type of renal damage?
a) Pre-renal
b) Renal
c) Post-renal
c) Post-renal
96
if a BUN test shows urea & creatinine levels are both very high, the problem is likely _______ damage
if a BUN test shows urea & creatinine levels are both very high, the problem is likely **intrarenal damage (direct damage in the kidneys)**
97
**Hematuria** is when you have \_\_\_\_\_in ______ whereas **uremia** is when you have ______ in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Hematuria is when you have **blood** in **urine**, whereas uremia is when you have **urine** in **blood**
98
The kidney receives a very high percentage of the body's total cardiac output at ~\_\_\_\_\_ percent
The kidney receives a very high percentage of the body's total cardiac output at **~25 percent**
99
The actual glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or creatinine clearance test takes into account:
a) The volume of creatinine
b) The volume of plasma
c) The time for urine collection
d) The time for creatinine collection
e) The concentration of creatinine
c) The time for urine collection
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_ has an essential role as a buffer in blood.
## Footnote
a) HCl
b) HCO3-
c) H2SO4
d) PO4---
e) SO3--
b) HCO3-
101
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a measure of the osmoles (Osm) of solute per kilogram of solvent (osmol/kg or Osm/kg), __________ is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per liter (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L).
**Osmolarity** is a measure of the osmoles (Osm) of solute per kilogram of solvent (osmol/kg or Osm/kg), **osmolarity** is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per liter (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L).
102
the single outward pressure acting at the glomerulus is?
## Footnote
a) capsular hydrostatic pressure (18mm)
b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60mm)
c) plasma colloid osmotic pressure (32mm)
b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (60mm)
(net outward pressure = 10mm)
103
In a healthy person, do you expect to see **creatinine** in blood?
a) Yes
b) No
no - kidney failure
104
Each nephron produces ____ µL of urine per day.
Each nephron produces **~100 µL** of urine per day.
105
The right equation to measure the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) if you don’t know your body weight is —---
a) Cockcroft-Gault
b) Modified Diet in Renal Disease
b) Modified Diet in Renal Disease
106
Glomerular capillary membranes consist of three layers which allows not all of the blood to perfuse. blood cells and _______ molecular weight proteins are too ________ and cannot pass.
Glomerular capillary membranes consist of three layers which allows not all of the blood to perfuse. blood cells and **high** molecular weight proteins are too **large** and cannot pass.
107
Desmopressin could be used in case of _____ urine osmolality.
Desmopressin could be used in case of **low urine osmolality.**
108
to combat prerenal uremia (high BUN), Na is reabsorbed into the proximal tubules to increase H20 reabsorption = increased blood volume.
during this, creatinine is actually secreted in the proximal tubule via tubular secretion. This generally leads to a **BUN:Cr ratio \_\_\_\_\_**
to combat prerenal uremia (high BUN), Na is reabsorbed into the proximal tubules to increase H20 reabsorption = increased blood volume.
during this, creatinine is actually secreted in the proximal tubule via tubular secretion. This generally leads to a **BUN:Cr ratio \> 20**
109
The functional unit of kidney is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The functional unit of kidney is **Nephron.**
110
Glomerulus allows small molecules to get filtered. Albumin is within the size of filtration. Does it get filtered or not?
In a healthy person, do you expect to see creatinine in urine?
yes
Albumin in blood stops water from leaving the blood.
Albumin is filtered through the glomerulus with a sieving coefficient of 0.00062, which results in approximately 3.3 g of albumin filtered daily in human kidneys
111
urine volume \>3000mL over 24 hours is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Polyuria
112
urine volume \<100mL over 24 hours is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
urine volume \<100mL over 24 hours is called **Anuria**
113
give **2 reasons** why inulin is not widely used as a marker for GFR?
1. Inulin is injected to the body (invasive)
2. Expensive
114
Glucose appears in the urine when concentration exceeds the renal threshold of ____ mmol/L.
Glucose appears in the urine when concentration exceeds the renal threshold of **11 mmol/L.**
115
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ clearance is a slightly less accurate measure of the glomerular filtration rate than inulin clearance, unlike inulin, a small amount of __________ is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules and is not excreted in the urine, thereby being lost to measurement.
**Creatinine** clearance is a slightly less accurate measure of the glomerular filtration rate than inulin clearance, unlike inulin, a small amount of **creatinine** is reabsorbed by the kidney tubules and is not excreted in the urine, thereby being lost to measurement.
116
In the kidney, the tubular secretion of ______ from the blood into the tubular fluid helps the blood to keep its pH in the normal level?
a) Calcium
b) Creatinine
c) H+ and NH4+
d) Na+ and K+
c) H+ and NH4+
117
In the case of renal disease, glomerular filtration rate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. So urea and creatinine do not get filtered as they normally would and they both are elevated in blood, **BUN:Cr \_\_\_\_**
In cases of renal disease, glomerular filtration rate **decreases.** So urea and creatinine do not get filtered as they normally would and they both are elevated in blood, **BUN:Cr \< 15.**
118
when a UCE (urea, creatinine & electrolytes) test is taken, what are the **4** main electrolytes of interest?
1. sodium
2. potassium
3. bicabonate
4. chloride
119
sodium and potassium are measured as concentrrations, their measurements only give information about the amount of sodium/potassium relative to _______ in the ECF - not the absolute amount of sodium/potassium in the body.
sodium and potassium are measured as concentrrations, their measurements only give information about the amount of sodium/potassium relative to **water** in the ECF - not the absolute amount of sodium/potassium in the body.
120
plasma sodium is linked to blood pressure, where low BP means \_\_\_\_\_\_natremia and high BP means \_\_\_\_\_\_natremia
plasma sodium is linked to blood pressure, where low BP means **hyponatremia** and high BP means **hypernatremia**
121
aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption while inhibiting potassium absorption via upregulation of ____________ at the distal convoluted tubule, thereby exchanging sodium for _________ and _________ ions
aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption while inhibiting potassium absorption via upregulation of **Na/K pumps** at the distal convoluted tubule, thereby exchanging sodium for **potassium** and **hydrogen** ions
122
an increase in plasma osmolarity is monitored by neuron communication between _____________ cells at the nephron and ____________ at the hypothalamus, which then stimulates _____ at the posterior pituitary gland to ultimately normalise plasma osmolarity
an increase in plasma osmolarity is monitored by neuron communication between **juxtaglomerular cells** at the nephron and **osmoreceptors** at the hypothalamus, which then stimulates **ADH** at the posterior pituitary gland to ultimately normalise plasma osmolarity
123
ECG changes & cardiac arrest can occur if plasma ____________ is not tightly regulated
ECG changes & cardiac arrest can occur if plasma **potassium** is not tightly regulated
124
Na is exchanged for K AND ___ across the cell membrane, as a result, an increase in plasma ____ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) is usually associated with **hyperkalemia.**
While the oppsite is also true, a decrease in plasma ____ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) is usualy associated with **hypokalemia**
Na is exchanged for K AND **H** across the cell membrane, as a result, an increase in **plasma** **H (acidosis)** is usually associated with hyperkalemia.
While the oppsite is also true, a decrease in **plasma H (alkalosis)** is usualy associated with hypokalemia
