wk 4 - Potassium Flashcards
The reference range of potassium in plasma is —-.
a) 3.5 – 4.5 mmol/L
b) 135-145 mmol/L
c) 3.5-135 mmol/L
d) 4.5-145 mmol/L
e) 3.5-145 mmol/L
a) 3.5 – 4.5 mmol/L
- excess insulin concentration
- high concentration of catecholamines
- alkalosis
all cause what?
Hypokalemia - due to Internal redistribution of K+ from extracellular (ECF) to intracellular (ICF) space
What do you expect potassium level to be when blood is hemolysed?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Pseudohypokalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
Conn’s syndrome can result in _____kalemia.
Conn’s syndrome can result in hypokalemia.
Hyperaldosteronism can result in ____kalemia.
Hyperadosteronism can result in hypokalemia.
In plasma, ________ concentration is high and ________ concentration is low compared to inside the cell.
In plasma, sodium concentration is high and potassium concentration is low compared to inside the cell.
Addison’s syndrome is characterised by ____aldosteronism.
Addison’s syndrome is characterised by hypoaldosteronism.
- Low urine
- Loss of bicarbonate — Acidosis
- Loss Na+ — Hyponatremia — Hyperkalemia
are symptoms of ___________
low GFR, leading to renal failure
Diabetic patients are _____ likely to be hypokalemic.
Diabetic patients are less likely to be hypokalemic.
Acidosis, hyperkalemia and hyperglycemia can all occur at the same time due to what?
Diabetes (type 1 & 2)
- Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s)
- increased sodium and water excretion (such as diuretic use)
- alkalosis
- high potassium diet
will all ________ potassium excretion in urine.
Hyperaldosterone, increased sodium and water delivery (such as diuretic use), alkalosis and high potassium diet will increase potassium excretion in urine.
In medicine, a disease is considered ___________ if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms.
In medicine, a disease is considered asymptomatic if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms.
- GI tract poor intake
- Excess GI loss (diarrhoea & vomiting)
- Excess renal loss (diuretic)
- Transmembrane redistribution
can all be the cause of ___________
hypokalemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Alkalosis
- Hypernatremia
- Conn’s syndrome
- Renal Tubular acidosis
are all characteristics of _____kalemia
hypokalemia
Acidosis is followed/accompanied by ____________ to maintain electroneutrality
Acidosis is followed/accompanied by hyperkalemia to maintain electroneutrality
Hypokalemia could result due to ____ insulin and alkalosis.
Hypokalemia could result due to high insulin and alkalosis.
______ is the liquid part of the blood after coagulation, devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen.
serum is the liquid part of the blood after coagulation, devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen.
Aldosterone and cortisol _______ renal sodium reabsorption (hypernatremia) and ________ potassium renal reabsorption (hypokalemia)
Aldosterone and cortisol increase renal sodium reabsorption (hypernatremia) and decrease potassium renal reabsorption (hypokalemia)
In _______, sodium concentration is high and potassium concentration is low compared to ________
In plasma (ECF), sodium concentration is high and potassium concentration is low compared to inside the cell (ICF)
The concentration of potassium in plasma is normally ______ than inside the cell.
The concentration of potassium in plasma is normally lower than inside the cell.
In case of hyperglycemia, glucose enters the cell with _________ in Na/K ATPase pump
In case of hyperglycemia, glucose enters the cell with potassium in Na/K ATPase pump
Leukocytosis, phelobotomy (tight application of tourniquet) and hemolysis of blood samples are all possible reasons for _________kalemia.
Leukocytosis, phelobotomy (tight application of tourniquet) and hemolysis of blood samples are all possible reasons for Pseudohyperkalemia.
Tissue injury could result in _____kalemia.
Tissue injury could result in hyperkalemia.
What do you expect plasma potassium concentration to be when blood has been collected in K2EDTA?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypolkalemia
c) Pseudohypokalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
(artefactual = inaccuracy due to systemic error)
A severe weakness and increased excitability may be regarded to ___________
A severe weakness and increased excitability may be regarded to hypokalemia.
The concentration of sodium in plasma is normally ______ than inside the cell.
The concentration of sodium in plasma is normally higher than inside the cell.
insulin increases the cell’s uptake of ________ and __________
insulin increases the cell’s uptake of glucose and potassium
how does fasting affect plasma potassium.
it has no effect
- only insulin is decreased due to hypoglycaemia
in case of plasma acidosis, potassium is more likely to ________ in plasma.
in case of plasma acidosis, potassium is more likely to increase in plasma.
Insulin ________ cellular uptake of plasma potassium.
Insulin increases cellular uptake of plasma potassium.
Diuretics (low/decreased ADH) lead to ________ (excess renal loss) and loss of K+
Diuretics (low/decreased ADH) lead to Polyuria (excess renal loss) and loss of K+
when a sample of blood is taken, there could be more potassium in serum than in blood due to what?
rupture of palettes during coagulation process.
Severe renal impairment may be due to _____aldosteronism
Severe renal impairment may be due to hypoaldosteronism
_____ GFR can result in Hyperkalemia
Low GFR can result in Hyperkalemia
What do you expect plasma potassium level to be after blood is drawn?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Pseudohypokalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
(due to leakage from RBC)
In general, an increase in potassium is associated with acidosis. Exceptions are in case of diarrhoea/vomiting, causing a loss of bicarbonate and potassium, which leads to…
a) Acidosis and hyperkalemia
b) Acidosis and hypokalemia
c) Alkalosis and hyperkalemia
d) Alkalosis and hypokalemia
b) Acidosis and hypokalemia
- Insulin deficiency
- Acidosis
- Low catecholamines
- Cell lysis
can all cause ________________
Hyperkalemia - due to internal (transmembrane) redistribution of K+ ions
_________ can be caused by an excessive limit of aldosterone and cortisol that can block renal __________ of filtered potassium.
a) Hypokalemia
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Absorption
d) Reabsorption
Hypokalemia could be caused by an excessive limit of aldosterone and cortisol that can block renal Reabsorption of filtered potassium.
in case of plasma alkalosis, potassium is more likely to ________ in plasma.
in case of plasma alkalosis, potassium is more likely to decrease in plasma.
Internal redistribution resulting in hyperkalemia could be due to the following EXCEPT:
a) Acidosis
b) Aldosterone
c) Cell lysis
d) Insulin deficiency
e) Low catecholamines
b) Aldosterone
The reference range of sodium in plasma, is normally—–.
a) 3.5 – 4.5 mmol/L
b) 135-145 mmol/L
c) 3.5-135 mmol/L
d) 4.5-145 mmol/L
e) 3.5-145 mmol/L
b) 135-145 mmol/L
Aldosterone and cortisol ________ the amount of K+ reabsorbed/going from the kidney to blood.
Aldosterone and cortisol decrease the amount of K+ reabsorbed/going from the kidney to blood.
In the sodium/potassium ATPase pump, ___ sodium ions leave the cell whereas, ___ potassium ions enter the cell.
In the sodium/potassium ATPase pump, 3 sodium ions leave the cell whereas, 2 potassium ions enter the cell.
In order to decrease pseudohyperkalemia, it is recommended to store the blood at ___ºC rather than at 4ºC
In order to decrease pseudohyperkalemia, it is recommended to store the blood at 37ºC rather than at 4ºC
Alkalosis is followed/accompanied by ____________ to maintain electroneutrality
Alkalosis is followed/accompanied by hypokalemia to maintain electroneutrality
Hypokalemia is proportional to ____ plasma insulin.
Hypokalemia is proportional to high plasma insulin.
in case of plasma alkalosis, potassium is more likely to _______ in plasma.
in case of plasma alkalosis, potassium is more likely to decrease in plasma.
K+ Levels higher in serum than in plasma are due to the release of K+ from rupture of _______ during the coagulation process
K+ Levels higher in serum than in plasma are due to the release of K+ from rupture of platelets during the coagulation process
in case of plasma acidosis, potassium is more likely to _______ in plasma.
in case of plasma acidosis, potassium is more likely to increase in plasma.
hypokalaemia (alkalosis) will be followed by _________ Ions exiting the cell to maintain electroneutrality & _________ pH
hypokalaemia (alkalosis) will be followed by Hydrogen Ions exiting the cell to maintain electroneutrality & decrease pH
- Hyperglycemia
- Acidosis
- Hyponatremia
- Addison’s syndrome
- Low GFR
are all characteristics of _____kalemia
hypokalemia
low aldosterone and cortisol that can stimulate renal reabsorption of filtered potassium is a possible cause of _____kalemia
low aldosterone and cortisol that can stimulate renal reabsorption of filtered potassium is a possible cause of hyperkalemia
Heart arrest or no heartbeat are possible symptoms of ___________
Heart arrest or no heartbeat are possible symptoms of hyperkalemia
Hypoaldosterone, decreased sodium and water delivery, acidosis and low GFR will ________ potassium excretion in urine.
Hypoaldosterone, decreased sodium and water delivery, acidosis and low GFR will decrease potassium excretion in urine.
What do you expect potassium concentration to be when blood has been stored at 4ºC for long time?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypokalemia
c) Pseudohypokalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
d) Pseudohyperkalemia
