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ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) > wk 7 - Water and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

wk 7 - Water and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

A patient with Conn’s syndrome is expected to have _____ ADH, high-normal sodium, _____ potassium, and _______

a) Low
b) High
c) Acidosis
d) Alkalosis

A

A patient with Conn’s syndrome is expected to have high ADH, high-normal sodium, low potassium, and alkalosis

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2
Q

Water deprivation test could stimulate _____ secretion.

A

Water deprivation test could stimulate ADH secretion.

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3
Q

The two main signs of diabetes insipidus are:

a) High plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality and polyuria
b) High urine osmolality, high urine osmolality and polyuria

A

a) High plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality and polyuria

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4
Q

in increase in plasma osmolarity triggers thirst and release of ___________

A

in increase in plasma osmolarity triggers thirst and release of ADH

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5
Q

The effect of angiotensin II to stimulate aldosterone is amplified in ____________ states

A

The effect of angiotensin II to stimulate aldosterone is amplified in hyperkalaemic states

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6
Q

The two main organs for lack of ADH are:

a) Hypothalamus & liver
b) Kidney & brain
c) Kidney & hypothalamus
d) Liver & spleen

A

c) Kidney & hypothalamus

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7
Q

extracellular fluid is comprised of ____% interstitial fluid and ____% plasma

A

extracellular fluid is comprised of 80% interstitial fluid and 20% plasma

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8
Q

rapid and servere hyponatremia that causes entry of water into brain cells, which swell and manifest seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death is termed _______________

A

rapid and servere hyponatremia that causes entry of water into brain cells, which swell and manifest seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death is termed water intoxication

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9
Q

What factors are used to directly monitor the body fluid or electrolytes balance?

A

Volume and osmolarity

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10
Q

What is the effect of dehydration on:

Body water uptake?

A

increased body water uptake

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11
Q

a person feels thirsty when there is an increase in concentraion of what electrolyte in his/her plasma?

A

sodium

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12
Q

Cells move water molecules by __________

A

Cells move water molecules by osmosis

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13
Q

ANP and BNP are released by _______ _______ tissue

A

ANP and BNP are released by cardiac muscle tissue

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14
Q

Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per _______.

a) Litre
b) Kg

A

Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per Litre

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15
Q

Water deprivation test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and other causes of :

a) Polyphagia
b) Polydipsia
c) Polyuria

A

b) Polydipsia

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16
Q

_____tonic = Concentrated

_____tonic = diluted

A

Hypertonic = Concentrated

Hypotonic = diluted

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17
Q

The extracellular fluid comprises of ____________

a) Interstitial fluid
b) Plasma
c) Plasma and interstitial fluid
d) Tissue cells

A

c) Plasma and interstitial fluid

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18
Q

high blood pressure is the result of a _________ ECF.

A

high blood pressure is the result of a hypotonic ECF.

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19
Q

The body’s homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the ____, not in the _____.

A

The body’s homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the ECF, not in the ICF.

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20
Q

Antidiuretic hormone _________ water reabsorption, thus _________ urinary water loss, _________ urine concentration and __________ plasma concentration.

a) Increases
b) Decreases

A

Antidiuretic hormone:

  1. increases water reabsorption
  2. decreases urinary water loss
  3. increases urine concentration
  4. decreases plasma concentration
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21
Q

_____________ refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism

A

Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism

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22
Q

To restore overhydration, secretion of ADH should __________

A

To restore overhydration, secretion of ADH should Decrease

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23
Q

If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration increased, water will move from

a) ECF to ICF
b) ICF to ECF

A

b) ICF to ECF

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24
Q

After giving a patient a vasopressin analogue, if the patient is still failing to concentrate urine, then the patient has a ________ disease.

A

After giving a patient a vasopressin analogue, if the patient is still failing to concentrate urine, then the patient has a kidney disease.

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25
Q

__________ solution is one where the concentration of solute is less outside the cell (ECF) than inside it

A

Hypotonic solution is one where the concentration of solute is less outside the cell (ECF) than inside it

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26
Q

_________ solution is one in which the concentration of the solute is the same both inside and outside of the cell

a) Isotonic
b) Hypotonic
c) Hypertonic

A

a) Isotonic

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27
Q

In case of hyperglycemia, cells ________ as water moves from cells to blood.

a) Shrink
b) Swell

A

In case of hyperglycemia, cells shrink as water moves from cells to blood.

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28
Q

Does water need a transporter to move through the body?

a) Yes
b) No

A

b) No

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29
Q

the _________ concentration of ICF and ECF is identical

A

the osmotic/oncotic concentration of ICF and ECF is identical

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30
Q

ICF and ECF Compartmental exchange is regulated by _________ and oncotic/________ pressures.

A

ICF and ECF Compartmental exchange is regulated by hydrostatic and oncotic/osmotic pressures.

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31
Q

A person with edema is usually having low ________ in blood.

a) Albumin
b) Creatinine
c) Potassium
d) Sodium
e) Urea

A

a) Albumin

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32
Q

Overhydration can cause __________

a) Hypernatremia
b) Hyponatremia

A

b) Hyponatremia

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33
Q

The __________ fluids don’t mix, whereas the __________ fluids exchange constituents all the time.

A

The extracellular fluids don’t mix, whereas the intracellular fluids exchange constituents all the time.

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34
Q

The osmotic concentration of ICF and ECF is ________ even though the composition of the ICF and ECF are _________

a) Different
b) Identical
c) Unknown
d) Variable

A

The osmotic concentration of ICF and ECF is identical even though the composition of the ICF and ECF are different

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35
Q

High plasma ___________ concentration causes kidneys to conserve salt. Conservation of Na+ by ____________ also stimulates water retention

A

High plasma aldosterone concentration causes kidneys to conserve salt. Conservation of Na+ by aldosterone also stimulates water retention

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36
Q

The body feels thirsty when your plasma osmolality is _______

A

The body feels thirsty when your plasma osmolality is high

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37
Q

Women have less fluids than men because they have more ________

a) Bones
b) Fat
c) Muscles
d) Water

A

b) Fat

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38
Q

In water deprivation test, If ADH is normal, the patient will _______ water from urine, thus urine concentration ______.

a) Absorb
b) Reabsorb
c) Rises
d) Decreases

A

In water deprivation test, If ADH is normal, the patient will reabsorb water from urine, thus urine concentration rises.

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39
Q

_____________ in the hypothalamus monitor osmotic concentration of ECF

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor osmotic concentration of ECF

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40
Q

name the hormone:

it is among the hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in the body, it retains water in the plasma

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

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41
Q

In case of Addison’s syndrome, what is the biochemical data of:

bicarbonate?

A

decreased bicarbonate - acidosis

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42
Q

Dehydration can cause __________

a) Hypernatremia
b) Hyponatremia

A

a) Hypernatremia

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43
Q

In case of Addison’s syndrome, what is the biochemical data of:

sodium?

A

decreased sodium in the blood - hyponatremia

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44
Q

The active form of angiotensin to secrete aldosterone is:

a) Angiotensin I
b) Angiotensin II
c) Angiotensin III
d) Angiotensin VI

A

b) Angiotensin II

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45
Q
  1. Hypervolemia
  2. Hypertension
  3. Low osmolality/hypotonic

are all symptoms of _____________

A
  1. Hypervolemia
  2. Hypertension
  3. Low osmolality/hypotonic

are all symptoms of overhydration

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46
Q

Antidiuretic hormone _______ urinary water loss and ___________ urine by reabsorbing the water from urine.

A

Antidiuretic hormone reduces urinary water loss and concentrates urine by reabsorbing the water from urine.

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47
Q

4?

A

Extracellular fluid volume

(1/3rd of total body fluid volume)

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48
Q

a patient with Addisons syndrome is more likely to have low ____________

A

a patient with Addisons syndrome is more likely to have low Aldosterone

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49
Q

What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on:

tonicity?

A

Hypertonic blood

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50
Q

Overhydration triggers ADH to _________.

A

Overhydration triggers ADH to decrease.

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51
Q

Aldosterone is stimulated as a response of increasing plasma ________ or decreasing plasma ___________

a) Potassium
b) Sodium

A

Aldosterone is stimulated as a response of increasing plasma potassium or decreasing plasma sodium

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52
Q

name the hormone:

It is among the hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in the body. It increases sodium reabsorption which, which is followed by water retention

A

Aldosterone

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53
Q

what is the test used to differentiate between nephrogenic or hypothalamus disease as a reason behind a lack of ADH?

A

Pitressin test

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54
Q

Hypernatremia can be rectified by __________

a) Decreasing ADH
b) Increasing ADH

A

Hypernatremia can be rectified by increasing ADH

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55
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by excessive release of _____________.

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone.

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56
Q

A patient with _________ syndrome does not have _________, whereas a patient with __________ syndrome has high concentration of ___________.

a) Addison’s
b) Conn’s
c) Aldosterone
d) Natriuretic peptides

A

A patient with Addisons syndrome does not have Aldosterone whereas a patient with Conn’s syndrome has high concentration of Aldosterone

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57
Q

Most of the body fluid is in the ___________ fluid.

A

Most of the body fluid is in the intracellular fluid.

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58
Q

ANP:

BNP:

A

ANP: Atrial Natriuretic peptides

BNP: Brain Natriuretic Peptides

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59
Q

__________ solution is one in which the concentration of the solute is less outside the cell than inside

a) Isotonic
b) Hypotonic
c) Hypertonic

A

b) Hypotonic

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60
Q

In case of low plasma proteins, cells ______ as water moves from blood to cells.

a) Shrink
b) Swell

A

In case of low plasma proteins, cells swell as water moves from blood to cells.

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61
Q

The following could result if ADH increased EXCEPT:

a) Concentrating urine
b) High blood pressure
c) Hypernatremia
d) High blood volume

A

c) Hypernatremia

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62
Q

In the case of hypovolemia, ___________ retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas ___________ increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention

A

In the case of hypovolemia, ADH retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention

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63
Q

_________ If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration decreased, the solution is called

a) Isotonic
b) Hypotonic
c) Hypertonic

A

b) Hypotonic

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64
Q

In a normal condition, ______ osmolarity is higher than ______ osmolarity.

A

In a normal condition, urine osmolarity is higher than plasma osmolarity.

65
Q

In diabetes insipidus, patients usually have lack of:

a) ADH
b) Potassium
c) Sodium
d) Creatinine

A

a) ADH

66
Q

In case of Conn’s syndrome, what is the biochemical data of:

bicarbonate?

A

high blood bicarbonate - alkalosis

67
Q

In case of dehydration, cells ______ as water moves from cells to blood.

a) Shrink
b) Swell

A

In case of dehydration, cells shrink as water moves from cells to blood.

68
Q

the two main factors that affect ADH functions are?

A

Kidney failure & hypothalamus

69
Q

Antidiuretic hormone and Aldosterone ________ water in the body, whereas Natriuretic peptides ________ water out of the body.

a) Eliminates
b) Retains

A

Antidiuretic hormone and Aldosterone retains water in the body, whereas Natriuretic peptides eliminates water out of the body.

70
Q

name the hormone:

It is among the hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in the body, it increases water excretion

A

Natruiretic peptides

(Atrial & Brain - ANP & BNP)

71
Q
  1. It increases water reabsorption to dilute the excess sodium (decrease sodium osmolarity / increase blood volume / increase B.P.)
  2. It increases stretching of atria of the heart
  3. It increases the release of atrial natriuetic peptides
  4. It increases the loss of water and sodium in urine by osmosis
  5. It decreases blood volume

are the 5 indirect methods the kidneys use to eliminate excess _________

A

plasma sodium

72
Q

Albumin is preventing water from leaving the blood. If there is low albumin in blood, what could happen to the person?

a) Diabetes
b) Heart attack
c) Edema
d) Tonsillitis

A

c) Edema

73
Q

Dehydration followed by rehydration resulting in ____________

a) Hypernatremia
b) Hyponatremia

A

Dehydration followed by rehydration results in hyponatremia

74
Q

The reference range of aldosterone and renin decreases from:

a) Supine to erect
b) Erect to supine

A

b) Erect to supine

75
Q

____________ reduces urinary water loss and concentrates urine by reabsorbing the water from urine

A

ADH reduces urinary water loss and concentrates urine by reabsorbing the water from urine

76
Q

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus monitor osmotic concentration of _______

a) ECF
b) ICF

A

a) ECF

77
Q

What is the effect of dehydration on:

Tonicity?

A

increased blood osmolarity - Hypertonicity

78
Q

__________ solution is one where the concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it

a) Isotonic
b) Hypotonic
c) Hypertonic

A

c) Hypertonic

79
Q

3?

A

plasma volume

(20% of ECF, interstitial makes up the remaining 80%)

80
Q

In case of overhydration, cells _______ as water moves from blood to cells.

a) Shrink
b) Swell

A

In case of overhydration, cells swell as water moves from blood to cells.

81
Q

In case of Addison’s syndrome, what is the biochemical data of:

potassium?

A

increased potassium in the blood - hyperkalemia

82
Q

__________ If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration increased, the solution is called

a) Isotonic
b) Hypotonic
c) Hypertonic

A

c) Hypertonic

83
Q

SIADH:

A

SIADH: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

84
Q

_____________ test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia.

A

Water deprivation test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia.

85
Q

In case of Conn’s syndrome, what is the biochemical data of:

sodium?

A

increased blood sodium - hypernatremia

86
Q

In case of high blood pressure, hypotonic, natriuretic peptides are stimulated causing _________ in aldosterone and antidiuretic hormones and thus decreases water reabsorption. as a result, blood volume returns to being _________

a) Hypotonic
b) Isotonic
c) Decreases
d) Increases

A

In case of high blood pressure, hypotonic, natriuretic peptides are stimulated causing decreases in aldosterone and antidiuretic hormones and thus decreases water reabsorption. as a result, blood volume returns to being isotonic

87
Q

The body feels thirsty when your plasma sodium is ______

A

The body feels thirsty when your plasma sodium is high

88
Q

Urine Osmolarity is ________ to plasma Osomlarity.

a) Equal
b) Equal or higher
c) Higher
d) Lower
e) Equal or lower

A

Urine Osmolarity is Equal or higher to plasma Osomlarity.

89
Q

What is the effect of dehydration on:

blood volume?

A

blood volume is decreased - hypovolemia

= decreased BP = increased Angiotensin II as compensation (RAAS)

90
Q

a patient with Conn’s syndrome has a high concentration of ___________

A

a patient with Conn’s syndrome has a high concentration of aldosterone

91
Q

What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on:

sodium?

A

increased sodium - hypernatremia

92
Q

Body fluids could decrease due to

a) Increased ADH
b) Failure of aldosterone
c) Overdrinking
d) Defective thirst center

A

d) Defective thirst center

93
Q

Low blood pressure means:

a) Low blood volume / hypovolemia
b) High blood volume / hypervolemia

A

a) Low blood volume / hypovolemia

94
Q

How can excess water kill a person?

It is scientifically called water intoxication. Where the ________ can’t flush it out. That causes rapid and severe ____________ that causes entry of water into ______ cells, which swell and manifests seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death.

a) Bladder
b) Kidney
c) Brain
d) Hyponatremia
e) Hpernatremia

A

It is scientifically called water intoxication. Where the kidneys can’t flush it out. That causes rapid and severe hyponatremia that causes entry of water into brain cells, which swell and manifests seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death.

95
Q

________ circulates freely in the ECF compartment

A

Water circulates freely in the ECF compartment

96
Q

name the 4 methods of elimination of water from the body

A
  1. Urination
  2. evaporation at skin
  3. evaporation at lungs
  4. loss in faeces
97
Q

Where can we find water in the body?

a) Extracellular fluid
b) Intracellular fluid
c) Extracellular and intracellular fluid

A

c) Extracellular and intracellular fluid

98
Q

Low ________ could be the result of low protein intake (e.g. pregnant woman as baby is taking most of her protein intake) or a _________ in GFR and kidney failure.

A

Low albumin could be the result of low protein intake (e.g. pregnant woman as baby is taking most of her protein intake) or a decrease in GFR and kidney failure.

99
Q

What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on:

ADH?

A

decreased ADH

100
Q

2?

A

interstitial fluid volume

(80% of ECF, plasma makes up the remaining 20%)

101
Q

___________ test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia

A

water deprivation test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia

102
Q

the body’s homeostatic mechinisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the ____________ fluid, not the ____________ fluid

A

the body’s homeostatic mechinisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the Extracellular fluid, not the Intracellular fluid

103
Q

The following are valid reasons to fail to concentrate urine EXCEPT:

a) Excessive ADH
b) Hypothalamus disease
c) Osmotic diuresis
d) Nephrogenic disease
e) Psychogenic disease

A

a) Excessive ADH

104
Q

What is the effect of overhydration on:

body water uptake?

A

decreased body water uptake

= regulated blood pressure/CO

105
Q

If the ______________ fluid osmotic concentration increased, water moves from the ECF to the ICF

A

If the Intracellular fluid osmotic concentration increased, water moves from the ECF to the ICF

106
Q

In case of plasma hypovolemia, _________ retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas __________ increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.

(2 hormones)

A

In case of plasma hypovolemia, ADH retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.

107
Q

The following are possible to happen if water is gained by the blood and electrolytes were retained EXCEPT

a) ECF low osmotic concentration
b) Hypotonic
c) Decreases ADH
d) Water moves from ICF to ECF
e) Water moves from ECF to ICF

A

d) Water moves from ICF to ECF

108
Q

Stimulation of aldosterone increases reabsorption/retention of the following EXCEPT:

a) Potassium
b) Sodium
c) Water

A

a) Potassium

109
Q

In case of Conn’s syndrome, what is the biochemical data of:

potassium?

A

low blood potassium - hypokalemia

110
Q

The principle of fluid and electrolyte regulation is based on fluid volume and ________ and not on _________

A

The principle of fluid and electrolyte regulation is based on fluid volume and osmolarity and not on receptors

111
Q

____________ solution is one where the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell (ECF) than inside it

A

Hypertonic solution is one where the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell (ECF) than inside it

112
Q

After water deprivation test, if the patient’s urine is still diluted, that means:

a) Lack of ADH and possibly diabetes insipidus
b) Excessive ADH and possibly diabetes mellitus

A

a) Lack of ADH and possibly diabetes insipidus

113
Q

What is the effect of dehydration on:

ADH?

A

ADH increased

= increased water retention = increased blood volume = increased BP to compensate

114
Q

Hyponatremia can be rectified by __________

a) Decrease ADH
b) Increased ADH

A

a) Decrease ADH

115
Q

In case of plasma hypovolemia, ________ retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas _________ increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.

a) ADH
b) Aldosterone
c) Androgen
d) ANP
e) Cortisone

A

In case of plasma hypovolemia, ADH retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.

116
Q

Osmoreceptor neurons secrete _______ in proportion to osmotic concentration.

A

Osmoreceptor neurons secrete ADH in proportion to osmotic concentration.

117
Q

If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration decreased, water moved from

a) ECF to ICF
b) ICF to ECF

A

b) ICF to ECF

118
Q

In case of hyperglycemia, blood pressure _________

A

In case of hyperglycemia, blood pressure increases.

119
Q

Hyponatremia could be due to _____ plasma sodium or _____ water volume.

A

Hyponatremia could be due to low plasma sodium or high water volume.

120
Q

name the 3 sources if water into the body

A
  1. food
  2. liquid
  3. metabolic water produced during catabolism
121
Q

In the case of Hyperglycemia, blood pressure is more likely to ___________

A

In the case of Hypoglycemia, blood pressure is more likely to increase

122
Q

Low blood pressure causes the following EXCEPT:

a) Increases angiotensin II
b) Stimulates Aldosterone
c) Increases potassium reabsorption
d) Increases sodium reabsorption
e) Increases water reabsorption

A

c) Increases potassium reabsorption

123
Q

In case of hypoalbumineria, _______ is more likely to happen.

A

In case of hypoalbumineria, oedema is more likely to happen.

124
Q

The effect of __________ _________ are opposite to Aldosterone and ADH in terms of electrolytes balance.

A

The effect of natriuretic peptides are opposite to Aldosterone and ADH in terms of electrolytes balance.

125
Q

If the ____________ fluid osmotic concentration increased, water moves from the ICF to the ECF

A

If the Extracellular fluid osmotic concentration increased, water moves from the ICF to the ECF

126
Q

Body fluids could increase due to:

a) Dehydration
b) Failure of ADH/aldosterone
c) Vomiting
d) Diarrhoea

A

b) Failure of ADH/aldosterone

127
Q

Most of the potassium is in the _____, whereas most of the sodium is in the _____.

A

Most of the potassium is in the ICF, whereas most of the sodium is in the ECF.

128
Q

The ___________ doesn’t mix, whereas the ___________ exchanges constituents all the time.

a) Intracellular fluid
b) Extracellular fluids

A

The intracellular fluid doesn’t mix, whereas the extracellular fluid exchanges constituents all the time.

129
Q

1?

A

intracellular fliud volume

(2/3rds of total body fluid volume)

130
Q

What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on:

blood pressure?

A

decreased blood pressure - hypovolemia

131
Q

The two main sources of ADH are:

a) Hypothalamus & liver
b) Kidney & brain
c) Kidney & hypothalamus
d) Liver & spleen

A

c) Kidney & hypothalamus

132
Q

The following stimulates aldosterone secretion EXCEPT:

a) Low plasma sodium
b) Low plasma potassium
c) High plasma potassium
d) Renin-angiotensin
e) Hypervolemia

A

b) Low plasma potassium

133
Q

The three hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in body are:

A

The three hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in body are:

  1. ADH
  2. aldosterone
  3. natriuretic peptides.
134
Q

___________ in plasma osmolality will trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Increases in plasma osmolality will trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

135
Q

In case of __________, the plasma concentration increases, which in turn stimulates ADH to increase and accordingly, the plasma concentration returns to an __________ state.

a) Dehydration
b) Hydration
c) Isotonic
d) Hypertonic

A

In case of dehydration, the plasma concentration increases, which in turn stimulates ADH to increase and accordingly, the plasma concentration returns to an isotonic state.

136
Q

Dehydration is usually resulting in ___________

a) Hypernatremia
b) Hyponatremia

A

a) Hypernatremia

137
Q

The following stimulates aldosterone secretion EXCEPT:

a) Low plasma sodium
b) High blood pressure
c) High plasma potassium
d) Renin-angiotensin

A

b) High blood pressure

138
Q

What is the effect of dehydration on:

Blood pressure?

A

Decreased BP

139
Q

The following are possible causes of overhydration EXCEPT

a) Ingestion of large volume of fresh water
b) Injection into bloodstream of hypotonic solution
c) Inability to eliminate excess water in urine
d) Low ADH production

A

d) Low ADH production

140
Q

An ___________ solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside the cell

A

An isotonic solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside the cell

141
Q

What is the effect of overhydration on:

ADH?

A

decreased ADH

= water elimination

142
Q

A person is feeling thirsty when his/her plasma osmolarity is ______.

A

A person is feeling thirsty when his/her plasma osmolarity is high.

143
Q

The __________ represents 1/3 of the body fluids, whereas the _________ represents the 2/3 of the body fluid.

a) Extracellular fluid
b) Intracellular fluid

A

The Extracellular fluid represents 1/3 of the body fluids, whereas the Intracellular fluid represents the 2/3 of the body fluid.

144
Q

_____________ are released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of heart walls due to elevated blood pressure or volume

A

Natriuretic peptides (Atrial natriuretic peptide & Brain natriuretic peptide) are released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of heart walls due to elevated blood pressure or volume

145
Q

______ cells synthesise ADH like action

A

Cancer cells synthesise ADH like action

146
Q

The two main organs for lack of ADH are:

a) Hypothalamus & liver
b) Kidney & brain
c) Kidney & hypothalamus
d) Liver & spleen

A

c) Kidney & hypothalamus

147
Q

Secretion of ADH _________ plasma concentration.

A

Secretion of ADH decreases plasma concentration.

148
Q

What is the effect of overhydration on:

blood volume?

A

increaesd blood volume

= increased BP = increased Angiotensin I (inactive form)

149
Q

______________ eliminate water from the body

A

Natriuretic peptides eliminate water from the body

150
Q

a person feels thirsty when they have an increase in _______ osmolarity

A

a person feels thirsty when they have an increase in plasma osmolarity

151
Q

High blood pressure stimulates the increase of:

a) Aldosterone
b) ADH
c) Natriuretic peptides

A

c) Natriuretic peptides

152
Q

What is the effect of overhydration on:

Tonicity?

A

decreased blood osmolarity

= hypotonicity

153
Q

What is the test used to differentiate between nephrogenic or hypothalamus disease as a reason behind lack of ADH?

a) Albumin test
b) Glucose test
c) Pitressin test
d) Water deprivation test

A

c) Pitressin test

154
Q

A patient with Addison’s syndrome is expected to have ______ ADH, ______ sodium, ________ potassium, acidosis, and high urea.

a) Low
b) High
c) Acidosis
d) Alkalosis

A

A patient with Addison’s syndrome is expected to have low ADH, low sodium, high potassium, acidosis, and high urea.

155
Q

In case of plasma hypovolemia, ADH retains water by __________ the water excretion. Whereas aldosterone _________ sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.

A

In case of plasma hypovolemia, ADH retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.

156
Q

The plasma is considered ____________

a) Extracellular fluid
b) Intracellular fluid

A

a) Extracellular fluid

157
Q

What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on:

blood volume?

A

decreased blood volume

158
Q
  1. hyponatremia
  2. low plasma osmolality
  3. excess ADH

are all symptoms of __________

A

SIADH

ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) (12 decks)

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