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ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) > wk 7 - Water and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

wk 7 - Water and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

A patient with Conn’s syndrome is expected to have _____ ADH, high-normal sodium, _____ potassium, and _______

a) Low
b) High
c) Acidosis
d) Alkalosis

A

A patient with Conn’s syndrome is expected to have high ADH, high-normal sodium, low potassium, and alkalosis

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2
Q

Water deprivation test could stimulate _____ secretion.

A

Water deprivation test could stimulate ADH secretion.

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3
Q

The two main signs of diabetes insipidus are:

a) High plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality and polyuria
b) High urine osmolality, high urine osmolality and polyuria

A

a) High plasma osmolality, low urine osmolality and polyuria

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4
Q

in increase in plasma osmolarity triggers thirst and release of ___________

A

in increase in plasma osmolarity triggers thirst and release of ADH

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5
Q

The effect of angiotensin II to stimulate aldosterone is amplified in ____________ states

A

The effect of angiotensin II to stimulate aldosterone is amplified in hyperkalaemic states

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6
Q

The two main organs for lack of ADH are:

a) Hypothalamus & liver
b) Kidney & brain
c) Kidney & hypothalamus
d) Liver & spleen

A

c) Kidney & hypothalamus

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7
Q

extracellular fluid is comprised of ____% interstitial fluid and ____% plasma

A

extracellular fluid is comprised of 80% interstitial fluid and 20% plasma

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8
Q

rapid and servere hyponatremia that causes entry of water into brain cells, which swell and manifest seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death is termed _______________

A

rapid and servere hyponatremia that causes entry of water into brain cells, which swell and manifest seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death is termed water intoxication

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9
Q

What factors are used to directly monitor the body fluid or electrolytes balance?

A

Volume and osmolarity

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10
Q

What is the effect of dehydration on:

Body water uptake?

A

increased body water uptake

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11
Q

a person feels thirsty when there is an increase in concentraion of what electrolyte in his/her plasma?

A

sodium

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12
Q

Cells move water molecules by __________

A

Cells move water molecules by osmosis

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13
Q

ANP and BNP are released by _______ _______ tissue

A

ANP and BNP are released by cardiac muscle tissue

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14
Q

Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per _______.

a) Litre
b) Kg

A

Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per Litre

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15
Q

Water deprivation test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and other causes of :

a) Polyphagia
b) Polydipsia
c) Polyuria

A

b) Polydipsia

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16
Q

_____tonic = Concentrated

_____tonic = diluted

A

Hypertonic = Concentrated

Hypotonic = diluted

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17
Q

The extracellular fluid comprises of ____________

a) Interstitial fluid
b) Plasma
c) Plasma and interstitial fluid
d) Tissue cells

A

c) Plasma and interstitial fluid

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18
Q

high blood pressure is the result of a _________ ECF.

A

high blood pressure is the result of a hypotonic ECF.

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19
Q

The body’s homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the ____, not in the _____.

A

The body’s homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the ECF, not in the ICF.

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20
Q

Antidiuretic hormone _________ water reabsorption, thus _________ urinary water loss, _________ urine concentration and __________ plasma concentration.

a) Increases
b) Decreases

A

Antidiuretic hormone:

  1. increases water reabsorption
  2. decreases urinary water loss
  3. increases urine concentration
  4. decreases plasma concentration
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21
Q

_____________ refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism

A

Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism

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22
Q

To restore overhydration, secretion of ADH should __________

A

To restore overhydration, secretion of ADH should Decrease

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23
Q

If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration increased, water will move from

a) ECF to ICF
b) ICF to ECF

A

b) ICF to ECF

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24
Q

After giving a patient a vasopressin analogue, if the patient is still failing to concentrate urine, then the patient has a ________ disease.

A

After giving a patient a vasopressin analogue, if the patient is still failing to concentrate urine, then the patient has a kidney disease.

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25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution is one where the concentration of solute is **less** outside the cell (ECF) than inside it
**Hypotonic** solution is one where the concentration of solute is less outside the cell (ECF) than inside it
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution is one in which the concentration of the solute is the same both **inside and outside of the cell** a) Isotonic b) Hypotonic c) Hypertonic
a) Isotonic
27
In case of **hyperglycemia**, cells ________ as water moves from cells to blood. a) Shrink b) Swell
In case of hyperglycemia, cells **shrink** as water moves from cells to blood.
28
Does water need a transporter to move through the body? a) Yes b) No
b) No
29
the _________ concentration of ICF and ECF is identical
the **osmotic/oncotic** concentration of ICF and ECF is identical
30
ICF and ECF Compartmental exchange is regulated by _________ and oncotic/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressures.
ICF and ECF Compartmental exchange is regulated by **hydrostatic** and oncotic/**osmotic** pressures.
31
A person with edema is usually having low ________ in blood. a) Albumin b) Creatinine c) Potassium d) Sodium e) Urea
a) Albumin
32
Overhydration can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Hypernatremia b) Hyponatremia
b) Hyponatremia
33
The __________ fluids don’t mix, whereas the __________ fluids exchange constituents all the time.
The **extracellular fluids** don’t mix, whereas the **intracellular fluids** exchange constituents all the time.
34
The osmotic concentration of ICF and ECF is ________ even though the composition of the ICF and ECF are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Different b) Identical c) Unknown d) Variable
The osmotic concentration of ICF and ECF is **identical** even though the composition of the ICF and ECF are **different**
35
High plasma ___________ concentration causes kidneys to conserve salt. Conservation of Na+ by ____________ also stimulates water retention
High plasma **aldosterone** concentration causes kidneys to conserve salt. Conservation of Na+ by **aldosterone** also stimulates water retention
36
The body feels thirsty when your plasma osmolality is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The body feels thirsty when your plasma osmolality is **high**
37
Women have less fluids than men because they have more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Bones b) Fat c) Muscles d) Water
b) Fat
38
In water deprivation test, If ADH is normal, the patient will _______ water from urine, thus urine concentration \_\_\_\_\_\_. a) Absorb b) Reabsorb c) Rises d) Decreases
In water deprivation test, If ADH is normal, the patient will **reabsorb** water from urine, thus urine concentration **rises**.
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the hypothalamus monitor osmotic concentration of ECF
**Osmoreceptors** in the hypothalamus monitor osmotic concentration of ECF
40
name the hormone: ## Footnote **it is among the hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in the body, it retains water in the plasma**
Anti-diuretic hormone
41
In case of **Addison’s** syndrome, what is the biochemical data of: ## Footnote **bicarbonate?**
decreased bicarbonate - **acidosis**
42
Dehydration can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Hypernatremia b) Hyponatremia
a) Hypernatremia
43
In case of **Addison’s syndrome**, what is the biochemical data of: ## Footnote **sodium?**
decreased sodium in the blood - **hyponatremia**
44
The active form of angiotensin to secrete aldosterone is: a) Angiotensin I b) Angiotensin II c) Angiotensin III d) Angiotensin VI
b) Angiotensin II
45
1. Hypervolemia 2. Hypertension 3. Low osmolality/hypotonic are all symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1. Hypervolemia 2. Hypertension 3. Low osmolality/hypotonic are all symptoms of **overhydration**
46
Antidiuretic hormone _______ urinary water loss and ___________ urine by reabsorbing the water from urine.
Antidiuretic hormone **reduces** urinary water loss and **concentrates** urine by reabsorbing the water from urine.
47
4?
Extracellular fluid volume | (1/3rd of total body fluid volume)
48
a patient with **Addisons syndrome** is more likely to have low \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a patient with Addisons syndrome is more likely to have low **Aldosterone**
49
What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on: ## Footnote **tonicity?**
Hypertonic blood
50
Overhydration triggers ADH to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Overhydration triggers ADH to **decrease**.
51
Aldosterone is stimulated as a response of increasing plasma ________ or decreasing plasma \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Potassium b) Sodium
Aldosterone is stimulated as a response of increasing plasma **potassium** or decreasing plasma **sodium**
52
name the hormone: ## Footnote **It is among the hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in the body. It increases sodium reabsorption which, which is followed by water retention**
Aldosterone
53
what is the test used to differentiate between nephrogenic or hypothalamus disease as a reason behind a lack of ADH?
Pitressin test
54
**Hypernatremia** can be rectified by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Decreasing ADH b) Increasing ADH
Hypernatremia can be rectified by **increasing ADH**
55
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by excessive release of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by excessive release of **antidiuretic hormone.**
56
A patient with _________ syndrome does not have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas a patient with __________ syndrome has high concentration of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. a) Addison’s b) Conn’s c) Aldosterone d) Natriuretic peptides
A patient with **Addisons syndrome** does not have **Aldosterone** whereas a patient with **Conn’s syndrome** has high concentration of **Aldosterone**
57
Most of the body fluid is in the ___________ fluid.
Most of the body fluid is in the intracellular fluid.
58
**ANP:** **BNP:**
ANP: Atrial Natriuretic peptides BNP: Brain Natriuretic Peptides
59
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution is one in which the concentration of the solute is less **outside the cell than inside** a) Isotonic b) Hypotonic c) Hypertonic
b) Hypotonic
60
In case of **low plasma proteins**, cells ______ as water moves from blood to cells. a) Shrink b) Swell
In case of low plasma proteins, cells **swell** as water moves from blood to cells.
61
The following could result if ADH increased EXCEPT: a) Concentrating urine b) High blood pressure c) Hypernatremia d) High blood volume
c) Hypernatremia
62
In the case of hypovolemia, ___________ retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas ___________ increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention
In the case of hypovolemia, **ADH** retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas **aldosterone** increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention
63
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration **decreased**, the solution is called a) Isotonic b) Hypotonic c) Hypertonic
b) Hypotonic
64
In a normal condition, ______ osmolarity is higher than ______ osmolarity.
In a normal condition, **urine osmolarity** is higher than **plasma** **osmolarity**.
65
In diabetes insipidus, patients usually have lack of: a) ADH b) Potassium c) Sodium d) Creatinine
a) ADH
66
In case of **Conn’s** syndrome, what is the biochemical data of: ## Footnote **bicarbonate?**
high blood bicarbonate - alkalosis
67
In case of dehydration, cells ______ as water moves from cells to blood. a) Shrink b) Swell
In case of dehydration, cells **shrink** as water moves from cells to blood.
68
the two main factors that affect **ADH** functions are?
Kidney failure & hypothalamus
69
**Antidiuretic hormone** and **Aldosterone** ________ water in the body, whereas **Natriuretic peptides** ________ water out of the body. a) Eliminates b) Retains
Antidiuretic hormone and Aldosterone **retains** water in the body, whereas Natriuretic peptides **eliminates** water out of the body.
70
name the hormone: ## Footnote **It is among the hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in the body, it increases water excretion**
Natruiretic peptides | (Atrial & Brain - ANP & BNP)
71
1. It increases water reabsorption to dilute the excess sodium (decrease sodium osmolarity / increase blood volume / increase B.P.) 2. It increases stretching of atria of the heart 3. It increases the release of atrial natriuetic peptides 4. It increases the loss of water and sodium in urine by osmosis 5. It decreases blood volume are the 5 indirect methods the kidneys use to eliminate excess \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
plasma sodium
72
Albumin is preventing water from leaving the blood. If there is low albumin in blood, what could happen to the person? a) Diabetes b) Heart attack c) Edema d) Tonsillitis
c) Edema
73
Dehydration followed by **rehydration** resulting in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Hypernatremia b) Hyponatremia
Dehydration followed by rehydration results in **hyponatremia**
74
The reference range of aldosterone and renin decreases from: a) Supine to erect b) Erect to supine
b) Erect to supine
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reduces urinary water loss and concentrates urine by reabsorbing the water from urine
**ADH** reduces urinary water loss and concentrates urine by reabsorbing the water from urine
76
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus monitor osmotic concentration of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) ECF b) ICF
a) ECF
77
What is the effect of dehydration on: ## Footnote **Tonicity?**
increased blood osmolarity - Hypertonicity
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution is one where the concentration of solutes is greater **outside the cell than inside it** a) Isotonic b) Hypotonic c) Hypertonic
c) Hypertonic
79
3?
plasma volume (20% of ECF, interstitial makes up the remaining 80%)
80
In case of **overhydration**, cells _______ as water moves from blood to cells. a) Shrink b) Swell
In case of overhydration, cells **swell** as water moves from blood to cells.
81
In case of **Addison’s** syndrome, what is the biochemical data of: ## Footnote **potassium?**
increased potassium in the blood - **hyperkalemia**
82
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration increased, the solution is called a) Isotonic b) Hypotonic c) Hypertonic
c) Hypertonic
83
SIADH:
SIADH: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
84
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia.
**Water deprivation test** is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia.
85
In case of **Conn’s** syndrome, what is the biochemical data of: ## Footnote **sodium?**
increased blood sodium - hypernatremia
86
In case of high blood pressure, hypotonic, natriuretic peptides are stimulated causing _________ in aldosterone and antidiuretic hormones and thus decreases water reabsorption. as a result, blood volume returns to being \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Hypotonic b) Isotonic c) Decreases d) Increases
In case of high blood pressure, hypotonic, natriuretic peptides are stimulated causing **decreases** in aldosterone and antidiuretic hormones and thus decreases water reabsorption. as a result, blood volume returns to being **isotonic**
87
The body feels thirsty when your plasma sodium is \_\_\_\_\_\_
The body feels thirsty when your plasma sodium is **high**
88
Urine Osmolarity is ________ to plasma Osomlarity. a) Equal b) Equal or higher c) Higher d) Lower e) Equal or lower
Urine Osmolarity is **Equal or higher** to plasma Osomlarity.
89
What is the effect of dehydration on: ## Footnote **blood volume?**
blood volume is decreased - **hypovolemia** = decreased BP = increased Angiotensin II as compensation (RAAS)
90
a patient with Conn's syndrome has a high concentration of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a patient with Conn's syndrome has a high concentration of **aldosterone**
91
What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on: ## Footnote **sodium?**
increased sodium - hypernatremia
92
Body fluids could **decrease** due to a) Increased ADH b) Failure of aldosterone c) Overdrinking d) Defective thirst center
d) Defective thirst center
93
**Low blood pressure** means: a) Low blood volume / hypovolemia b) High blood volume / hypervolemia
a) Low blood volume / hypovolemia
94
How can excess water kill a person? It is scientifically called water intoxication. Where the ________ can’t flush it out. That causes rapid and severe ____________ that causes entry of water into ______ cells, which swell and manifests seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death. a) Bladder b) Kidney c) Brain d) Hyponatremia e) Hpernatremia
It is scientifically called water intoxication. Where the **kidneys** can’t flush it out. That causes rapid and severe **hyponatremia** that causes entry of water into **brain cells**, which swell and manifests seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death.
95
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ circulates freely in the ECF compartment
**Water** circulates freely in the ECF compartment
96
name the 4 methods of elimination of water from the body
1. Urination 2. evaporation at skin 3. evaporation at lungs 4. loss in faeces
97
Where can we find water in the body? a) Extracellular fluid b) Intracellular fluid c) Extracellular and intracellular fluid
c) Extracellular and intracellular fluid
98
Low ________ could be the result of low protein intake (e.g. pregnant woman as baby is taking most of her protein intake) or a _________ in GFR and kidney failure.
Low **albumin** could be the result of low protein intake (e.g. pregnant woman as baby is taking most of her protein intake) or a **decrease** in GFR and kidney failure.
99
What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on: ## Footnote **ADH?**
decreased ADH
100
2?
interstitial fluid volume (80% of ECF, plasma makes up the remaining 20%)
101
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia
**water deprivation** test is used to differentiate between a patient with diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia
102
the body's homeostatic mechinisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the ____________ fluid, not the ____________ fluid
the body's homeostatic mechinisms that monitor and adjust body fluid composition respond to changes in the **Extracellular fluid**, not the **Intracellular fluid**
103
The following are valid reasons to fail to concentrate urine EXCEPT: a) Excessive ADH b) Hypothalamus disease c) Osmotic diuresis d) Nephrogenic disease e) Psychogenic disease
a) Excessive ADH
104
What is the effect of **overhydration** on: ## Footnote **body water uptake?**
decreased body water uptake = regulated blood pressure/CO
105
If the ______________ fluid osmotic concentration **increased**, water moves from the **ECF to the ICF**
If the **Intracellular** fluid osmotic concentration increased, water moves from the ECF to the ICF
106
In case of plasma hypovolemia, _________ retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas __________ increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention**.** ## Footnote **(2 hormones)**
In case of plasma hypovolemia, **ADH** retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas **aldosterone** increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.
107
The following are possible to happen if water is gained by the blood and electrolytes were retained EXCEPT a) ECF low osmotic concentration b) Hypotonic c) Decreases ADH d) Water moves from ICF to ECF e) Water moves from ECF to ICF
d) Water moves from ICF to ECF
108
Stimulation of aldosterone increases reabsorption/retention of the following EXCEPT: a) Potassium b) Sodium c) Water
a) Potassium
109
In case of **Conn’s** syndrome, what is the biochemical data of: ## Footnote **potassium?**
low blood potassium - **hypokalemia**
110
The principle of fluid and electrolyte regulation is based on fluid volume and ________ and not on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The principle of fluid and electrolyte regulation is based on fluid volume and **osmolarity** and not on **receptors**
111
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution is one where the concentration of solute is greater **outside the cell (ECF) than inside it**
**Hypertonic** solution is one where the concentration of solute is greater outside the cell (ECF) than inside it
112
After water deprivation test, if the patient’s urine is still diluted, that means: a) Lack of ADH and possibly diabetes insipidus b) Excessive ADH and possibly diabetes mellitus
a) Lack of ADH and possibly diabetes insipidus
113
What is the effect of dehydration on: ## Footnote **ADH?**
ADH increased = increased water retention = increased blood volume = increased BP to compensate
114
Hyponatremia can be rectified by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Decrease ADH b) Increased ADH
a) Decrease ADH
115
In case of plasma hypovolemia, ________ retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas _________ increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention. a) ADH b) Aldosterone c) Androgen d) ANP e) Cortisone
In case of plasma hypovolemia, **ADH** retains water by decreasing the water excretion. Whereas **aldosterone** increases sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.
116
Osmoreceptor neurons secrete _______ in proportion to osmotic concentration.
Osmoreceptor neurons secrete **ADH** in proportion to osmotic concentration.
117
If the extracellular fluid osmotic concentration **decreased**, water moved from a) ECF to ICF b) ICF to ECF
b) ICF to ECF
118
In case of **hyperglycemia**, blood pressure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
In case of hyperglycemia, blood pressure **increases**.
119
**Hyponatremia** could be due to _____ plasma sodium or _____ water volume.
Hyponatremia could be due to **low** plasma sodium or **high** water volume.
120
name the 3 sources if water into the body
1. food 2. liquid 3. metabolic water produced during catabolism
121
In the case of **Hyperglycemia**, blood pressure is more likely to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
In the case of Hypoglycemia, blood pressure is more likely to **increase**
122
**Low blood pressure** causes the following EXCEPT: a) Increases angiotensin II b) Stimulates Aldosterone c) Increases potassium reabsorption d) Increases sodium reabsorption e) Increases water reabsorption
c) Increases potassium reabsorption
123
In case of **hypoalbumineria**, _______ is more likely to happen.
In case of hypoalbumineria, **oedema** is more likely to happen.
124
The effect of __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are opposite to Aldosterone and ADH in terms of electrolytes balance.
The effect of **natriuretic peptides** are opposite to Aldosterone and ADH in terms of electrolytes balance.
125
If the ____________ fluid osmotic concentration **increased**, water moves from the **ICF to the ECF**
If the **Extracellular** fluid osmotic concentration increased, water moves from the ICF to the ECF
126
Body fluids could **increase** due to: a) Dehydration b) Failure of ADH/aldosterone c) Vomiting d) Diarrhoea
b) Failure of ADH/aldosterone
127
Most of the potassium is in the \_\_\_\_\_, whereas most of the sodium is in the \_\_\_\_\_.
Most of the potassium is in the ICF, whereas most of the sodium is in the ECF.
128
The ___________ doesn’t mix, whereas the ___________ exchanges constituents all the time. a) Intracellular fluid b) Extracellular fluids
The **intracellular fluid** doesn’t mix, whereas the **extracellular fluid** exchanges constituents all the time.
129
1?
intracellular fliud volume | (2/3rds of total body fluid volume)
130
What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on: blood pressure?
decreased blood pressure - hypovolemia
131
The two main sources of ADH are: a) Hypothalamus & liver b) Kidney & brain c) Kidney & hypothalamus d) Liver & spleen
c) Kidney & hypothalamus
132
The following stimulates aldosterone secretion EXCEPT: a) Low plasma sodium b) Low plasma potassium c) High plasma potassium d) Renin-angiotensin e) Hypervolemia
b) Low plasma potassium
133
The three hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in body are:
The three hormones that balance fluid and electrolytes in body are: 1. **ADH** 2. **aldosterone** 3. **natriuretic peptides.**
134
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in plasma osmolality will trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
**Increases** in plasma osmolality will trigger thirst and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
135
In case of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the plasma concentration increases, which in turn stimulates ADH to increase and accordingly, the plasma concentration returns to an __________ state. a) Dehydration b) Hydration c) Isotonic d) Hypertonic
In case of **dehydration**, the plasma concentration increases, which in turn stimulates ADH to increase and accordingly, the plasma concentration returns to an **isotonic** state.
136
Dehydration is usually resulting in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Hypernatremia b) Hyponatremia
a) Hypernatremia
137
The following **stimulates** aldosterone secretion EXCEPT: a) Low plasma sodium b) High blood pressure c) High plasma potassium d) Renin-angiotensin
b) High blood pressure
138
What is the effect of dehydration on: ## Footnote **Blood pressure?**
Decreased BP
139
The following are possible causes of overhydration EXCEPT ## Footnote a) Ingestion of large volume of fresh water b) Injection into bloodstream of hypotonic solution c) Inability to eliminate excess water in urine d) Low ADH production
d) Low ADH production
140
An ___________ solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside the cell
An **isotonic** solution is one in which the concentration of solutes is the same both inside and outside the cell
141
What is the effect of **overhydration** on: ADH?
**decreased ADH** = water elimination
142
A person is feeling thirsty when his/her plasma osmolarity is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A person is feeling thirsty when his/her plasma osmolarity is **high.**
143
The __________ represents **1/3** of the body fluids, whereas the _________ represents the **2/3** of the body fluid. a) Extracellular fluid b) Intracellular fluid
The **Extracellular fluid** represents 1/3 of the body fluids, whereas the **Intracellular fluid** represents the 2/3 of the body fluid.
144
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of heart walls due to elevated blood pressure or volume
**Natriuretic peptides (Atrial natriuretic peptide & Brain natriuretic peptide**) are released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of heart walls due to elevated blood pressure or volume
145
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells synthesise ADH like action
**Cancer** cells synthesise ADH like action
146
The two main organs for lack of ADH are: a) Hypothalamus & liver b) Kidney & brain c) Kidney & hypothalamus d) Liver & spleen
c) Kidney & hypothalamus
147
Secretion of ADH _________ plasma concentration.
Secretion of ADH **decreases** plasma concentration.
148
What is the effect of **overhydration** on: ## Footnote **blood volume?**
**increaesd blood volume** = increased BP = increased Angiotensin I (inactive form)
149
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ eliminate water from the body
**Natriuretic peptides** eliminate water from the body
150
a person feels thirsty when they have an increase in _______ osmolarity
a person feels thirsty when they have an increase in **plasma** osmolarity
151
High blood pressure stimulates the **increase** of: a) Aldosterone b) ADH c) Natriuretic peptides
c) Natriuretic peptides
152
What is the effect of overhydration on: ## Footnote **Tonicity?**
**decreased blood osmolarity** = hypotonicity
153
What is the test used to differentiate between nephrogenic or hypothalamus disease as a reason behind lack of ADH? a) Albumin test b) Glucose test c) Pitressin test d) Water deprivation test
c) Pitressin test
154
A patient with **Addison’s syndrome** is expected to have ______ ADH, ______ sodium, ________ potassium, acidosis, and high urea. a) Low b) High c) Acidosis d) Alkalosis
A patient with Addison’s syndrome is expected to have **low** ADH, **low** sodium, **high** potassium, acidosis, and high urea.
155
In case of plasma hypovolemia, **ADH** retains water by __________ the water excretion. Whereas **aldosterone** _________ sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.
In case of plasma hypovolemia, ADH retains water by **decreasing** the water excretion. Whereas aldosterone **increases** sodium reabsorption, which is followed by water retention.
156
The plasma is considered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a) Extracellular fluid b) Intracellular fluid
a) Extracellular fluid
157
What is the effect of diabetes insipidus on: ## Footnote **blood volume?**
decreased blood volume
158
1. hyponatremia 2. low plasma osmolality 3. excess ADH are all symptoms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
SIADH

ZZZZ Clin Biochem (B) (12 decks)

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