WK 7 - Learning Flashcards
When Olivia makes rude noises at the dinner table, she gets her mouth washed out with soap. She doesn’t make rude noises that often anymore.
Positive punishment
Little Joey gets yelled at when he acts up in class. Now he’s acting up even more.
Positive reinforcement
Because Tameka earned an A in each of her classes, she doesn’t have to do her usual chore of vacuuming this month. She’s studying even more now.
Negative reinforcement
Ray came home past his curfew, so he was not allowed to drive for the following week. He hasn’t missed a curfew since.
Negative punishment
Maria put in extra hours at work helping her boss finish a major project. She received a big bonus for her contributions. She’s now looking for other ways to contribute at work.
Positive reinforcement
When Thuy and Gurpreet were running around the living room, they crashed into the Xbox, breaking it. They no longer run through the living room.
Negative punishment
Chandler’s girlfriend Monica, keeps bugging him to take her dancing. He finally agrees, and she quits bugging him, he quickly agrees to to do whatever it is (Chandler’s behaviour is changing).
Negative reinforcement
Monica’s boyfriend, Chandler, gives in when she starts bugging him about something. Now whenever she wants something, she just starts bugging him (Monica’s behaviour is changing.)
Positive reinforcement
Buying state lottery tickets and sometimes winning.
A. FR - Fixed Ratio,
B. VR - Variable Ratio,
C. FI - Fixed Interval,
D. VI Variable Interval
B. VR - Variable Ratio
A hotel maid may take a 15-minute break only after having cleaned three rooms.
FR - Fixed Ratio, VR - Variable Ratio, FI - Fixed Interval, VI Variable Interval
FR - Fixed Ratio
A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat.
FR - Fixed Ratio, VR - Variable Ratio, FI - Fixed Interval, VI Variable Interval
VR - Variable Ratio
A blueberry picker receives $1 after filling 3 pint boxes.
FR - Fixed Ratio, VR - Variable Ratio, FI - Fixed Interval, VI Variable Interval
FR - Fixed Ratio
A charitable organization makes an average of 10 phone calls for every donation it receives.
FR - Fixed Ratio, VR - Variable Ratio, FI - Fixed Interval, VI Variable Interval
VR - Variable Ratio
Repeatedly callings a garage mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet. (Assume that the calls have no impact on your mechanic’s behaviour).
FR - Fixed Ratio, VR - Variable Ratio, FI - Fixed Interval, VI Variable Interval
VI - Variable Interval
A student’s final grade improves one level for every three book reviews submitted.
FR - Fixed Ratio, VR - Variable Ratio, FI - Fixed Interval, VI Variable Interval
FR - Fixed Ratio
Ivan Pavlov’s dog experiments lead to the theoretical basis for _________________.
Classical conditioning
What are the five elements of classical conditioning?
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
- Unconditioned response (UCR)
- Neutral stimulus (NS)
- Conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Conditioned response (CR)
Little Albert’s Fear of white rats is an example of ________________
Classical conditioning
As it relates to learning, habituation is what?
The decreasing strength of a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.
As it relates to learning, a stimulus is what?
Something that elicits a response or reaction.
Learning theory is the foundation of the ______________ perspective.
Behaviourist
Classical conditioning was discovered from which experiment in the 1890s?
Pavlov’s Dogs
Pavlovian conditioning is also known as ___________________.
Classical conditioning
An irrational fear of an object is an example of _______________.
Classical conditioning
_________ conditioning focuses on reflext (involuntary) responses, while ____________ conditioning focuses on non-reflext (voluntary) behaviours.
Classical, operant
ADDING something pleasant is _______________ reinforcement.
positive
REMOVING something unpleasant is _______________ reinforcement.
negative
ADDING something unpleasant is _____________ punishment.
positive
REMOVING something pleasant is _______________ punishment.
negative
A Skinner Box was used to demonstrate ______________ conditioning
operant
Positive and negative reinforcement is an example of ______________ conditioning
operant
Reinforcement and punishment are examples of __________________.
operant conditioning
Clicker training dogs is an example of _________________.
operant conditioning
The ‘token economy’ is used in _______________ conditioning.
operant
Monitoring your heart rate on a smart watch is an example of ________________.
biofeedback
A music teacher is working on a new piece with a student. At first, the teacher praises the student for playing correct notes. After the student has begun to play most of the notes correctly, the teacher only praises the student when she plays the notes with proper interpretation. This is an example of:
Shaping
An Iraq War veteran living with PTSD experiences an intense emotional reaction to a clap of thunder. This response associated with the thunder has only begun to occur following the veteran’s experience in combat. His emotional response is an example of a(n):
Conditioned Response (CR)
As you drive down the street, a leaf hits your windshield. You know that the leaf is not going to break the windshield and yet you blink anyway. In classical conditioning, the leaf is a/an:
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Confiscating the cars of people who commit driving offences on public roads (e.g., hooning behaviour, anti-social and dangerous driving behaviour, burnouts, doughnuts), is an attempt at:
negative punishment
Every time you order a chicken dinner from KFC, you get a card stamped. After you buy ten dinners, you get one for free. KFC has you on what time of reinforcement schedule?
Fixed-ratio
If your dog was classically conditioned to wag his tail when you pick up a leash to go for a walk, what would extinguish this behaviour?
Pick up the leash without taking him for a walk.
In advertising, celebrities can be used as ____________ to lead to favourable brand attitudes.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
In negative reinforcement, an increase in behaviour follows….
The removal of something adverse
The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
Spontaneous recovery
You love to play instant lottery games. Usually you do not win, but every so many cards, you get a card that is a big winner. What type of schedule of reinforcement is this?
Variable ratio
Reinforcement that provides a reward for a certain percentage of responses, but the number of responses required before reinforcement is unpredictable.
Variable ratio
A child notices and watches an adult doing something she cannot yet do. This illustrates which of the following steps in the modelling process.
Attention
A mother has been continually nagging her daughter about how messy her room is. Finally, the daughter gets so tired of her mother’s complaints that she cleans her room, thus stopping the nagging. Given that the withdrawal of the nagging strengthened the room cleaning behaviour, the nagging would be considered…
A negative reinforcer
Professor Miller gives an in-class prize for class contribution once a week, but he never tells his students which day of the weekly the prize will be given. This is a ___________ schedule.
Variable interval
Schedule of reinforcement connects reinforcement to an average interval of time but the exact time when reinforcement will be presented is unpredictable.
Variable interval
When a stimulus is presented/encountered repeatedly, and the response to it weakens
Habituation
The two types of associative learning (learning by association)
Classical conditioning & operant conditioning
The pairing of two stimuli (CS & UCS)
Acquisition
____________ produces a reduction & eventual disappearance of a conditioned response by repeatedly presenting the CS without UCS
Extinction
When a similar stimulus also elicits the conditioned response even if they were never paired with the UCS is called _____________,
Stimulus Generalisation
___________ is when a subject learns to respond to one stimulus and a not to similar stimulus.
Discrimination
The (less/more) predictable a reinforcement schedule, the (less, more) responding there is
less, more
In operant conditioning, ____________ is the initial stage of learning a new pattern of responding
acquisition
______________ results in the gradual weakening & disappearance of a response
Extinction
____________ occurs if the organism still makes responses after reinforcement has stopped
Resistance to extinction
A token economy programme is an example of
secondary reinforcement
In social learning theory, modelling requires which 4 components to be successful?
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor reproduction
- Motivation
In classical conditioning, a ___________ stimulus becomes a _____________ stimulus after conditioning has occurred.
neutral, conditioned
______________ conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant
In operant conditioning, if a behaviour has increased, ______________ must have been used.
reinforcement
In operant conditioning, if a behaviour has decreased, ______________ must have been used.
punishment
What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?
a) Classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours.
b) Classical conditioning involves positive reinforcement, while operant conditioning involves negative reinforcement.
c) Classical conditioning involves shaping behaviour through rewards, while operant conditioning involves punishment.
a) Classical conditioning involves automatic responses to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors.
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
a) Lisa’s boss gives her a bonus for completing a project on time.
b) Kevin’s teacher takes away his recess time for misbehaving in class.
c) Susan’s mother scolds her for coming home late.
a) Lisa’s boss gives her a bonus for completing a project on time.
What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
a) Positive reinforcement adds something to increase the likelihood of a behavior, while negative reinforcement takes something away to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
b) Positive reinforcement takes something away to increase the likelihood of a behavior, while negative reinforcement adds something to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
c) Positive reinforcement adds something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior, while negative reinforcement takes something away to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
a) Positive reinforcement adds something to increase the likelihood of a behavior, while negative reinforcement takes something away to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Because Tameka earned an A in each of her classes, she doesn’t have to do her usual chore of vacuuming this month. She’s studying even more now. This is an example of…
a) Positive reinforcement
b) Negative reinforcement
c) Punishment
b) Negative reinforcement
Jamal gets a ticket for speeding and has to pay a fine. After that, he never speeds again. This is an example of…
a) Positive punishment
b) Negative punishment
c) Positive reinforcement
a) Positive punishment
Jocelyn’s boss criticizes her in front of her colleagues for making a mistake. As a result, Jocelyn becomes more careful in her work to avoid further criticism. This is an example of…
a) Negative reinforcement
b) Positive punishment
c) Negative punishment
a) Negative reinforcement
What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?
a) Punishment increases the likelihood of a behavior, while reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
b) Punishment adds something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior, while reinforcement adds something to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
c) Punishment takes something away to increase the likelihood of a behavior, while reinforcement adds something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
b) Punishment adds something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior, while reinforcement adds something to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Mark is trying to teach his dog to fetch a ball. He rewards the dog with a treat every time it brings back the ball. This is an example of…
a) Shaping
b) Extinction
c) Reinforcement
c) Reinforcement
Which of the following is an example of shaping?
a) Teaching a dog to sit by pushing its bottom to the ground.
b) Giving a child a piece of candy to stop them from crying.
c) Rewarding a student with a sticker for completing a task.
a) Teaching a dog to sit by pushing its bottom to the ground.
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
a) B.F. Skinner
b) Ivan Pavlov
c) John Watson
d) Edward Thorndike
a) B.F. Skinner
What is the term used to describe the process of increasing the frequency of a behaviour by adding something desirable?
a) reinforcement
b) punishment
c) extinction
d) shaping
a) reinforcement
What is the term used to describe the process of increasing the frequency of a behaviour by removing something unpleasant?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) negative punishment
d) positive punishment
b) negative reinforcement
What involves adding something desirable to increase the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
a) positive reinforcement
What involves removing something desirable to decrease the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
d) negative punishment
What involves removing something unpleasant to increase the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
b) negative reinforcement
What involves adding something unpleasant to decrease the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
c) positive punishment
James gets a piece of candy every time he finishes his homework. As a result, he finishes his homework more often. This is an example of:
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment
a) positive reinforcement
A dog watches out the window to bark at the postal carrier who arrives every morning promptly at 10:05.
FI - Fixed Interval
Checking the oven to see if chocolate chip cookies are done, when baking time is known.
FR - Fixed Ratio, VR - Variable Ratio, FI - Fixed Interval, VI Variable Interval
FI - Fixed Interval
every time a child gets put into a time-out that involves NOT participating in a fun activity in order to decrease a behaviour., that child is experiencing:
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
because remover something ( Not participating)
Max is ignoring assignments for English, so his parents have him wash the dishes each time his homework or test grade is behlow a C ( and he hates washing dishes). Max is bringing home fewer English assignments with grades below a C. According to operant conditioning, how is Max being conditioned?
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
A. Positive punishment.
( because add something he don’t like to decreasing Max behaviour)
Jeanine hates listening to her dogs whine. Every time the dogs whine, she gives them a treat to shut them up. As a result, Jeanine buys dog treats several times a week so she doesn’t have to listen to her dogs whining. According to operant conditioning, how is jeanine being conditioned?
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
D. Negative reinforcement.
( getting out of her dogs whining, something unpleasant has been removed)
Coach T runs a tight team and expects all of his student athletes to show up to practice on time. Each time every athlete is ready on time for pract. Coach allows them a choice of where to cool down after practice. His athletes love being able to choose how they cool down after practice, so the on-time attendance rates for all have increased. Acrording to operant conditioning, how is Coach T conditioning his athletes?
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
B. Positive reinforcement
( because they getting something they want to increasing the behaviour )
Rhiann is a good student at school. She likes getting gold stickers to put on a chart for every time she reads a book. Rhiann is the best reader in class with the most starts. According to Skinner, how is Rhiann being conditioned?
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
B. Positive reinforcement.
(behaviour going up, because she gets something she like)
Your dog has a skin condition that has her chewing on her back until she bleeds. Your veterinarian gives you a medication to rub in your dog’s back that tastes bad. Your vet says that will stop your dog from chewing her back. According to skinner, how is your dog being conditioned?
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
A. Positive punishment.
(something be giving to dog that is unpleasant)
vincent has to do his own laundry. Several times in the past month, he forgot and had to wear dirty clothes to class. His classmates told him that he smelled like lizard butt, which he did not like. As a result, Vincent has been doingh is laundry more often. According to Skinner, how is Vincent being conditioned?
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
D. Negative reinforcement.
( getting out / getting away of something unpleasant)
In operant conditioning, a consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour will occur is known as
A. reinforcement.
B. punishment.
C. shaping.
D. instinctive drift.
A. reinforcement
Harold used to forget to return his library books on time. Then his mother started making him clean the toilets ( which he hates doing) every time he returned a book late. As a result, Harold forgets less often to return his books anymore. In operant conditioning, the change in Harold’s behaviour resulted from
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
A. Positive punishment.
( do something that he doesn’t like, it applied so it is positive punishment)
Frannie cries loudly when her mom won’t buy her candy. When Frannie’s mom buys her some candy, she stops crying. As a result, Frannie’s mom buys her candy more frequently. According to operant conditioning, the change in Frannie’s mom’s behavior is a result of
A. Positive punishment.
B. Positive reinforcement.
C. Negative punishment.
D. Negative reinforcement.
D. Negative reinforcement.
( increased behaviour from mom to avoid her child whine.)
Wearing baggy clothes to hide body shape, size, or feature is a perfect example of _____
Negative reinforcement
( increased wearing baggy clothes to decrease shame and anxiety etc.)
A person who is going to the gym to lose weight may have cheat-meal in their diet after completing 5 training sessions. What operant schedule is this?
Fixed schedule
(1. reinforcer: cheat-meal
2. behaviour performed: fixed schedule;
3. specific # of behaviour/time: fixed schedule
learning by observing the consequences of a behaviour for someone else
Vicarious conditioning
Latent Learning refers to_____________________________
a) Learning in the absence of reinforcement
b) Learning via Proximal Development
c) Learning that is irreplaceable
d) Learning that automatically triggers a response when presented with a stimuli.
a) Learning in the absence of reinforcement
Every time Marcella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog Pablo sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that Pablo gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog’s behavior?
a) Observational learning
b) Innate learning
c) Punishments by removal
d) Classical conditioning
d) Classical conditioning
Every time Jonas gets ready for school in the mornings he goes to the bathroom and combs his hair. Jonas’s little sister has also just begun to go to the bathroom and comb her hair before she goes to kindergarten. This is an example of________
a) Classical conditioning
b) Observational learning
c) Reciprocal learning
d) Operant conditioning
b) Observational learning
Margarita’s mouth waters every time she hears the ice cream truck’s familiar song in the distance. One day a slightly different song is heard in the distance and Margarita’s mouth waters. Her behavior illustrates________________________
a) stimulus generalization.
b) stimulus assimilation.
c) stimulus recovery.
d) stimulus discrimination.
a) stimulus generalization.
In Watson’s experiment with little Albert, he paired the loud noise with the white rat. The white rat then served as the ______________________
a) Conditioned stimulus
b) unconditioned stimulus
c) conditioned response
d)unconditioned response
a) Conditioned stimulus
“If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.” This statement is a summary of __________.
a) the law of positive reinforcement
b) Rescorla’scognitiveperspective
c) Thorndike’s law of effect
d) Garcia’sconditionalemotionalresponse
c) Thorndike’s law of effect
Resorla’s experiment highlighted that conditioned fear is learnt via _________________
a) stimulus- response
b) response-response
c) stimulus-stimulus
d) response-stimulus
c) stimulus-stimulus
Christopher tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Christopher’s behavior is an example of _____________________
a) negative reinforcement.
b) generalization.
c) classical conditioning.
d) shaping.
a) negative reinforcement.
A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that __________.
a) provides the organism with a cue that making any of several responses will lead to reinforcement
b) leads a person to discriminate against one group of people based on ethnicity
c) cues the person into which schedule of reinforcement is being used
d) provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to
obtain reinforcement
d) provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to
obtain reinforcement
?
Cognitive Map refers to________________________
a) a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
b) unconscious trial-and-error imagery
c) higher-order conditioning
d) a map of the unconscious
a) a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
_______________ is known to occur when the CS no longer elicits the CR.
a) Spontaneous recovery b)StimulusDiscrimination
c) Extinction
d) Acquisition
c) Extinction
Last year Sam got very sick when he had too much wine, so he no longer drinks wine. This is an example of ______________________
a) Non-operant aversion
b) Illicited conditioning.
c) Common sense
d) Conditioned taste aversion.
d) Conditioned taste aversion.
In his theory of operant conditioning, Skinner suggested that understanding the consequences of a response is the key to understanding why behaviour is performed. What two types of reinforcement did he propose to explain learning and the development of patterns of behavior?
a) Weak and strong reinforcement
b) Positive and Negative reinforcement
c) Generalised and specific reinforcement
d) None of these
b) Positive and Negative reinforcement
a) b) c) d)
12
_________are tied to biological needs, while secondary reinforcers, such as
___________ are stimuli that acquire their power via an association with a desired
outcome
A) Primary reinforcers, tokens
B) Primary reinforcers, biological needs
C) Operant reinforcers, biological needs
D) Operant reinforcers, tokens
A) Primary reinforcers, tokens
